<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096</id><updated>2011-11-27T16:45:19.561-08:00</updated><category term='americans'/><category term='caribbean'/><category term='criminal'/><category term='FLORENTINA'/><category term='Caravaggio'/><category term='L&apos;ALBERO'/><category term='restos'/><category term='avenarius'/><category term='Roanoke Island'/><category term='MADONNA E BAMBINO'/><category term='Queen Isabella'/><category term='South Carolina'/><category term='economía'/><category term='Ernesto'/><category term='virginians'/><category term='Simon bolivar'/><category term='Zaratustra'/><category term='libro'/><category 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term='ABRAVANEL'/><category term='American'/><category term='DIE ANATOMIE'/><category term='Savannah'/><category term='gandhi political'/><category term='Aden'/><category term='singapore'/><category term='Del sentimiento trágico de la vida'/><category term='nasser'/><category term='Groenlandia'/><category term='actrices de cine'/><category term='Rhode Island'/><category term='Andalusia'/><category term='Marción'/><category term='Baltimore'/><category term='Muslim'/><category term='ELEMENTOS'/><category term='Cádiz'/><category term='Diez'/><category term='California'/><category term='hititas'/><category term='ARLEQUIN'/><category term='ANGUSTIA'/><category term='1492'/><category term='NEOPLATONISMO'/><category term='john peters'/><category term='Rio de Janeiro'/><category term='Isaac'/><category term='CALVINISMO'/><category term='french'/><category term='Nilo'/><category term='Texas'/><category term='ponce de leon'/><category term='CRISIS NERVIOSA'/><category term='tags'/><category 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term='ALEXANDER VI'/><category term='historia del arte'/><category term='Rafaello'/><category term='aswan'/><category term='new style calendar'/><category term='bellas artes'/><category term='Al Qaeda'/><category term='south africa'/><category term='Vineland'/><category term='cd'/><category term='violence'/><category term='independencia nueva granada'/><category term='creación'/><category term='spanish empire'/><category term='Phone Bomb'/><category term='sol'/><category term='la fornarina'/><category term='Monet'/><category term='Henry vii'/><category term='Mossad'/><category term='Che'/><category term='bebidas alcoholicas'/><category term='Greeks'/><category term='universo'/><category term='Carolina'/><category term='Roanoke'/><category term='artistas'/><category term='HOSERMAN'/><category term='England'/><category term='mejores'/><category term='Petersburg'/><category term='Ferdinand and Isabella'/><category term='arte'/><category term='Boston'/><category term='Cuba'/><category term='St. Francis of Assisi'/><category term='PRESBITERIANOS'/><category term='missions'/><category term='totalitarismo'/><category term='the Hudson'/><category term='Adan'/><category term='Dubai'/><category term='Fillipo Lippi'/><category term='EL DIVAN'/><category term='Williamsburg'/><category term='LITOSFERA'/><category term='Pequot'/><category term='Santo Domingo'/><category term='Caucaso'/><category term='pelis'/><category term='historia'/><category term='CRUCIFIXION'/><category term='pilgrims'/><category term='mayor'/><category term='GRAVITATION'/><category term='salem'/><category term='POESIA'/><category term='Francia'/><category term='Europe'/><category term='Filippo'/><category term='Newport'/><category term='landing'/><category term='Martin de Garay'/><category term='NAVIDAD'/><category term='astronomy'/><category term='cadiz'/><category term='hotel'/><category term='Portugal'/><category term='Alfonso VI el Bravo'/><category term='Afghanistan'/><category term='plasma'/><category term='leyenda'/><category term='kidnap'/><category term='LA DANSE'/><category term='HOMERO ARIDJIS'/><category term='lombardia'/><category term='escitas'/><category term='Southern Land'/><category term='kefir'/><category term='SAINT STEPHEN'/><category term='Nebo'/><category term='uncas'/><category term='frobisher bay'/><category term='Altamira'/><category term='Christopher Columbus'/><category term='RELATO'/><category term='ACADEMIA'/><category term='Rembrandt'/><category term='GRIEGOS'/><category term='Familia de saltimbanquis'/><category term='Lisboa'/><category term='guerra de independencia'/><category term='Dartmouth'/><category term='DALI'/><category term='Richmond'/><category term='muslims'/><category term='MATADOR LUIS MIGUEL DOMINGUIN'/><category term='Kent Island'/><category term='libertadora'/><category term='Egipto'/><category term='Al-Qaeda'/><category term='lluvia'/><category term='MORILLO'/><category term='Oscar'/><category term='sifilíticos'/><category term='MADONNA ET ENFANT'/><category term='Manuel Godoy'/><category term='ciencia'/><category term='Springfield'/><category term='LOCUCIÓN LATINA'/><category term='GEOMETRÍA'/><category term='honduras'/><category term='Cartagena Colombia'/><category term='asirios'/><category term='telescopios'/><category term='HIDROSFERA'/><category term='protestants'/><category term='LA ANATOMIA'/><category term='JUAN CALVINO'/><category term='Asia'/><category term='gregorian calendar'/><category term='medio ambiente'/><category term='sistema solar'/><category term='Taunton'/><category term='USA'/><category term='Gandhi'/><category term='El hambre de inmortalidad'/><category term='bank'/><category term='EL PUENTE JAPONES'/><category term='atun aleta azul'/><category term='voyages'/><category term='Mississippi'/><category term='MOCTEZUMA'/><category term='Millerites'/><category term='Aranjuez'/><category term='Portsmouth'/><category term='Nevada'/><category term='LA DANZA'/><category term='christianity'/><category term='campaña'/><category term='lake Huron'/><category term='JOHN CALVIN'/><category term='Godoy'/><category term='pacifico'/><category term='cultures'/><category term='capitalista'/><category term='newton law'/><category term='blog'/><category term='sangre'/><category term='a bouquet of roses'/><category term='Juan Martin'/><category term='Mohegans'/><category term='Germany'/><category term='florida'/><category term='Osama Bin Laden'/><category term='SEO'/><category term='Josefina'/><category term='POEMA'/><category term='religion'/><category term='Lancaster'/><category term='best actress'/><category term='Ghiberti'/><category term='Maine'/><category term='guerra biológica'/><category term='Ártico'/><category term='vancouver'/><category term='Abrabanel'/><title type='text'>Historia, history</title><subtitle type='html'>Historia del arte, biografia, ciudades, paisajes, turismo,paisajes y estados, Definiciones, ciencia y cultura, eventos y mucha curiosidad.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>243</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2317943040206347094</id><published>2011-02-28T11:34:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-28T11:34:56.379-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='blog'/><title type='text'>Sobre la historia de colombia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sobre la historia de Colombia se pueden decir muchas cosas, unas ciertas otras por verificar y así sucesivamente.Pues nosotros estamos de placemes pues nuestro blog de &lt;a href="http://www.colombiablog.info/"&gt;Historia de Colombia&lt;/a&gt; se acaba de graduar y tiene nombre de dominio propio, gracias a lectores fieles y críticos como ustedes. Ahora en nuestro nuevo camino, pedirle al cielo luces para no traicionar el espiritu con que originalmente fue creado y seguir haciendo las cosas bien y generar contenidos interesantes y críticos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2317943040206347094?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2317943040206347094/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2317943040206347094' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2317943040206347094'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2317943040206347094'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2011/02/sobre-la-historia-de-colombia.html' title='Sobre la historia de colombia'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4060106077646670099</id><published>2011-02-16T03:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-16T03:18:48.181-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='blog'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nombre'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dominio'/><title type='text'>ideas de nombre de dominio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Estamos buscando&lt;b&gt; ideas de nombre de dominio&lt;/b&gt; para nuestro blog y recibimos todas las que deseeen, que de alguna manera hormen con la tematica del sitio. Preferimos nombres cortos, ojalá de 4-5 letras en lo posible. ¿tienen algo en mente? Ojalá que sí. Andamos reactivando toda nuestra red de blogs y le estamos comprando nombres de dominio a cada uno de ellos, para darles identidad, marca, peso en el mercado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4060106077646670099?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4060106077646670099/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4060106077646670099' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4060106077646670099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4060106077646670099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2011/02/ideas-de-nombre-de-dominio.html' title='ideas de nombre de dominio'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4948417911536743729</id><published>2010-07-27T16:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-19T04:47:22.541-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='2011'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='eventos'/><title type='text'>Eventos 2011</title><content type='html'>Tengo pendiente de dar cobertura a los siguientes eventos para el 2011:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.colombiablog.info/2011/04/mundial-de-futbol-sub-20-colombia-2011.html"&gt;Mundial de futbol Sub 20 Colombia 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/mundial-de-futbol/mexico-2011/"&gt;Mundial de futbol sub 17 Mexico 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://www.colombiablog.info/2011/04/elecciones-colombia-2011.html"&gt;Elecciones Colombia 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/copa-america/copa-america-2011/"&gt;Copa américa Argentina 2011&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/copa-libertadores-de-america/2011/"&gt;Copa libertadores de América 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/elecciones/argentina/argentina-2011/"&gt;Elecciones Argentina 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/elecciones/peru/peru-2011/"&gt;Elecciones Perú 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/blog/futbol/europeo-17/europeo-17-serbia-2011/"&gt;Europeo sub 17 Serbia 2011&lt;/a&gt;, etc. Y seguramente irán resultando otra cantidad de importantes eventos para el 2011 que vale la pena relacionar y cubrir a profundidad, de tal forma que los lectores junto al autor de estos artículos, logren disfrutar y aprender más al respecto.&lt;/div&gt;No lo olvide, estos son unos de los más importantes eventos para el 2011.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4948417911536743729?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4948417911536743729/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4948417911536743729' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4948417911536743729'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4948417911536743729'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2010/07/eventos-2011.html' title='Eventos 2011'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1795836149534507974</id><published>2009-12-06T13:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-06T13:31:57.946-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='belleza humana'/><title type='text'>Belleza humana</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La belleza humana depende del gusto personal y la tendencia cultural, dicen algunos; otros más naturalistas, afirman que dicho patrón está dictado por necesidades evolutivas.&lt;br /&gt;¿Cómo es una mujer bonita? ¿Ha intentado responder a esta pregunta antes? Generalmente se asume que tiene unos labios carnosos, nariz estrecha y mandíbula inferior&amp;nbsp; corta. Así me respondió un amigo biosicólogo.Él opina que el concepto de belleza humana va de la mano con la fertilidad, la salud y la garantía de una larga vida. Es como si mentalmente asociaramos que la tez suave de la piel de Amanda Bynes, signifique que no tiene parásitos y que es un buen prospecto como pareja (asuntos atávicos del subconsciente, individual o colectivo, que no estamos llamados a juzgar nosotros). Como diría el poeta Edmund Spencer: "la belleza es la carnada con que el deleite seduce al hombre para aumentar su especie".&lt;br /&gt;Para nadie es un secreto que las personas atractivas reciben más atención del sexo opuesto, más cariño de sus familiares, más dinero en sus trabajos, más votos del electorado, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo chistoso en este concepto de belleza son los contrastes culturales. Si viviera en Hawai y fuera aborigen, me gustarían las mujeres caderonas, robustas y con cabelleras largas; pero como soy esclavo del mundo occidental las prefiero medio flacas, de grandes pechos, cintura pequeña y cosas así.&lt;br /&gt;Dicen los expertos que cuando una raza entra en contacto por primera vez con otra, se refiere a ella como fea, cuando no, rara. En un mundo globalizado como el nuestro, esto significa que entre más pasa el tiempo y conocemos prototipos de belleza de otras culturas, nuestro gusto se va promediando o lo que los científicos llaman coinofilia, un patrón que toma muchas pautas de belleza de distintas latitudes y se incorporan en un solo modelo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vemos la asimetría o la fealdad como desnutrición, enfermedades o genes defectuosos.&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;¿Cual es la edad en que una mujer es más bonita, en general? Entre los 20 y los 25 años, justo cuando está su punto más alto de fecundidad....A tener en cuenta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero mientra que la mujer desea procrear hijos fuertes y desean parejas saludables y fecundas, un hombre es arrastrado biológicamente a procrear con tantas mujeres como le sea posible. Culturalmente puede que se controle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Y otro apunte suelto sobre la belleza humana: un tipo feo puede lograr&amp;nbsp; realce si tiene estátus o riqueza (mejor ambas)....&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/08/arte.html"&gt;arte&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1795836149534507974?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1795836149534507974/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1795836149534507974' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1795836149534507974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1795836149534507974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/12/belleza-humana.html' title='Belleza humana'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8618137756904958130</id><published>2009-11-29T11:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T10:51:40.380-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Domenico Ghirlandaio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia del arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Domenico Ghirlandaio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Domenico Ghirlandaio nació en 1449 en Florencia Italia y, fallecería un 11 de enero de 1494 en la misma ciudad.&lt;br /&gt;Su nombre verdadero era Domecio de Tommaso Bigordi, fue un valioso pintor renacentista representante de la llamada pintura narrativa donde incluía muchos retratos de sus contemporáneos.&lt;br /&gt;Domenico Ghirlandaio era hijo de un orfebre muy hábil en la elaboración de guirnaldas, de ahí su mote de Ghirlandaio. Posiblemente haya inciado su aprendizaje en el taller de su padre; más adelante intuímos que fue aprendiz y estudiante de pintor Alessio Baldovinetti (esto por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/08/vasari-giorgio.html"&gt;Vasari&lt;/a&gt;, aunque, a decir verdad, dicho maestro tenía unos 5 años más que su pupilo, algo difícil de asimilar).&lt;br /&gt;Las primeras obras que se atribuyen a Ghirlandaio datan de 1470 aproximadamente y se atisban fuertes influencias de Andrea del Castagno. Hacia el año de 1480 es un artista florentino en asecenso y recibe uno de los ecargos importantes de su carrera: pintar los frescos del convento de Ognissanti. Dominador de las técnicas pictóricas, puso su arte al servicio de la elegancia de las formas; su idea de volumen libera a sus personajes del dramatismo tenso o exagerado. De este tiempo (entre 1480-1490)&amp;nbsp;datan también&amp;nbsp;su "Visión y entierro de Santa Fina", de la colegiata de San Gimignano y, la "Sana Cena". Pero tambien fue un magnífico retratista (influido por la escuela flamenca), como lo demuestran su retrato de Francesco Saseti y su hijo o su óleo "Anciano con su nieto" (suponemos que el modelo no es natural -el anciano enfermo de rinitis-pero llama la atención el paisaje con el río tras la ventana -una metáfora del paso de la vida-).&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1485 el comerciante Giovanni Tornabuoni le encarga a Ghirlandaio los frescos de la capilla del coro de Santa María Novella (capilla Tornabuoni) por 2.200 escudos de oro.&lt;br /&gt;A diferencia de otros grandes artistas del &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/renacimiento/"&gt;renacimiento&lt;/a&gt; italiano, Ghirlandaio nunca recibió importantes encargos de las familias Medici o alguna de ese tipo; solo recientemente ha vuelto a ser revalorado en su justa dimensión puesto que hasta el siglo XIX se consideraba su pintura como muy aburrida.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/miguel-angel-juventud.html"&gt;Miguel Angel, juentud&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8618137756904958130?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8618137756904958130/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8618137756904958130' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8618137756904958130'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8618137756904958130'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/domenico-ghirlandaio.html' title='Domenico Ghirlandaio'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-901610959501003733</id><published>2009-11-28T15:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T10:51:17.422-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fillipo Lippi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia del arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Fillipo Lippi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Filippo Lippi nacería en Florencia en 1406&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp;fallecería entre el 8 y el 10 de octubre de 1469 en Spoleto, estados papales. Sería Lippoi un estupendo pintor de la segunda generación de artistas del &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/renacimiento/"&gt;renacimiento&lt;/a&gt;, claramente influenciado por &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/masaccio.html"&gt;Masaccio&lt;/a&gt; y por Fra angelico.&lt;br /&gt;Siendo hijo de un carnicero, Fillipo Lippi queda huérfano a los siete años y es educado&amp;nbsp; en el convento del Carmine, donde se familiazaría con Masaccio. Oficialmente, solo hasta 1421 ingresaría en la Orden del Carmen. Sabemos así mismo que más o menos a los 25 años se hace pintor del convento y en 1432 abandonaría dicho claustro, después de haber pintado algunos frescos allí y marcha hasta Padua (de cuya estancia allí no&amp;nbsp;concemos obras)&amp;nbsp;para regresar a Florencia en 1437, bajo la protección de los Médicis. Su pintura es religiosa pero se caracteriza por la elegancia de sus figuras, no exentas de sensualismo. Las obras suyas entre 1430 y&amp;nbsp;1447 como La Virgen de La Humildad, La Anunciación y la coronación de la Virgen, así lo atestiguan. Más intimistas serán : La Virgen adorando al Hijo Divino y la virgen con el Niño.&lt;br /&gt;Pero nos distrajimos un poco en sus obras y dejamos pendientes sus datos biográficos. Retomemos pues el hilo cronológico. En 1450 Fillipo Lippi es nombrado capellán del convento de Santa Margarita de Arezzo. A los 50 años rapta a la novicia Lucrezia Buti de la que tiene un hijo, Fillipino, pintor como su padre. Y se cuenta que gracias a los buenos oficios de Cosme de Médicis, la pareja fue dispensada de sus votos y pudo casarse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-901610959501003733?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/901610959501003733/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=901610959501003733' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/901610959501003733'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/901610959501003733'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/fillipo-lippi.html' title='Fillipo Lippi'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1084275759036346335</id><published>2009-11-28T14:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T10:50:54.341-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia del arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Paolo uccello'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Paolo Uccello</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En 1396&amp;nbsp;o 1397 nacería Paolo di Dono, llamado Uccello, (no se sabe si por su amor a los pájaros o por descender de la familia Lluccellini), en Pratovecchio, cerca de Florencia Italia. Fallecería el 10 de diciembre de 1475, en florencia, pobre y olvidado. Uccello fue un famoso pintor que intentó conciliar dos estilos diferentes: el gótico tardío y el &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/renacimiento/"&gt;renacimiento&lt;/a&gt; temprano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1407 sabemos que Paolo Uccello es aprendiz en el taller del escultor &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/07/ghiberti-lorenzo.html"&gt;Ghiberti&lt;/a&gt;, teniendo tan solo 10 años. Para el año de 1414 sabemos que Uccello se une a la cofradía de pintores (Compagnia di San Luca) y al año siguiente se une al gremio oficial de pintores de Florencia (Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali). Para entonces es un pintor independiente pero trabaja con Ghiberti. Algunos dicen que participaría en la "Historia del génesis", del claustro del antiguo claustro de Santa Maria Novella pero los especialistas no concuerdan en esto.&lt;br /&gt;Entre 1425-1430 Uccello trabaja en los mosaicos de San Marcos de Venecia. Sin embargo todo su trabajo allí se ha perdido. en 1436 regresa a Florencia donde pinta el monumento Giovanni Acuto, el Condottiero, en la catedral de Santa Maria dei Fiori, siguiendo su visión escultórica de la pintura. Dicha pintura al fresco pasada a lienzo de 820 x 515 cm, es prueba de los experimentos en perspectiva de dicho pintor.&lt;br /&gt;Entre 1451 y 1457 Paolo Uccello realiza los plafones de la Batalla de San Romano, que se encuentran actualmente almacenados en el Louvre, La National Gallery y La Galería de los Uffizi. Dicha obra fue hecha para la alcoba de Lorenzo el Magnífico (palacio Médicis-Ricordi).&lt;br /&gt;Entre 1465 y 1469 transcurre el periodo en el que Ucello realiza sus últimas obras.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1084275759036346335?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1084275759036346335/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1084275759036346335' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1084275759036346335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1084275759036346335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/paolo-uccello.html' title='Paolo Uccello'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-866237782833424701</id><published>2009-11-28T13:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-28T13:56:57.131-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia del arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miguel Angel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Miguel Angel, juventud</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Seguimos con la biografia de Miguel Angel, solo que ahora nos vamos para su juventud.&lt;br /&gt;Teniendo la clase de amigos que señalamos en el post anterior, era casi inevitable que no se contagiara de su pasión por el arte. Sabemos que por conducto de uno de sus amigos, Francesco Granacci, ingresaría por primera vez al taller del maestro Ghirlandaio. Enterados su padre y su tío de los caprichos de Miguel Angel, se enojaron mucho. Ellos creían que los artistas (o artesanos como los juzgaban), pertenecían al popolo minuto o pueblo raso, muy distinto de ellos que hacían parte de la burguesía rica o el popolo grasso; un artista era tan descollante como un tendero. Pero la terquedad del joven Buonarroti pudo más y es así como el 1 de abril de 1488 (tenía 13 años)&amp;nbsp;ingresaría como aprendiz de Ghirlandaio. Generalmente este ciclo duraba tres años pero para Miguel Angel acabó al año; decían sus contemporáneos que sus dibujos eran mejores que las del tutor suyo, el fresquista florentino Ghirlandaio.Allí aprendería las técnicas del fresco, el dibujo, así como la representación del espacio y del cuerpo humano.&lt;br /&gt;¿Y qué hizo Miguel Angel después? &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/03/lorenzo-de-medicis.html"&gt;Lorenzo de Médicis&lt;/a&gt; le incorporó dentro del grupo de jóvenes favorecidos que tenían acceso a su jardín (en San Marcos)&amp;nbsp;y observar las obras de arte que allí había, así como recibir instructivas charlas a cargo de Bertoldo di Giovanni (destacado broncista y cincelador, buen escultor y experto conocedor de la antiguedad clásica)&amp;nbsp;un antiguo ayudante del ya fallecido escultor Donatello, quien los indujo en la escultura y la tradición artística de la ciudad. En este prolífico entorno, Miguel Angel gestaría sus dos primeras piezas escultóricas: La virgen de la escalera y el combate de los centauros contra los lopitas.&lt;br /&gt;La Virgen de la escalera fue terminada entre 1489-1492 y es un mármol de 55,5 x 40 cm que hoy reposa en la casa Buonarroti. Destaca la figura femenina lactando, pero ya no mirando al frente sino ensimismada, con la mirada perdida, en tanto el infante, de espaldas (algo novedoso), mostraba una musculatura formidable.&lt;br /&gt;El combate de los centauros contra los lopitas, fue "acabado" (o abandonado al fallecer el mecenas Lorenzo)&amp;nbsp;sobre 1492 y es un marmol de 81 x 88,5 cm y que tambien reposa en la casa Buonarroti de Florencia. Dicha obra dejó perplejos a los observadores por la complejidad y la cantidad de figuras en distintas posturas.&lt;br /&gt;Pero ser protegido de Lorenzo de Medicis implicaba que Miguel Angel fuera compañero de mesa y casa de los hijos del príncipe como Piero, Giovanni (el futuro &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/04/leon-x.html"&gt;Leon X&lt;/a&gt;) y Giuliano.&lt;br /&gt;Sigamos.&lt;br /&gt;Al morir en 1492 el mecenas Lorenzo el magnífico, asistido en sus últimos momentos por Savanarola (como lo quiso el príncipe), Miguel Angel debió volver al reducido mundo del hogar familiar. Piero (Pedro)&amp;nbsp;II de Medicis se hizo cargo de él pero nno pasó sino tres años en el poder debido a circunstancias que jugaban en su contra, su carácter y su forma de vida. Piero se hizo de numerosos enemigos y no pudo detener la creciente influencia de Savanarola ni mucho menos el ingreso de las tropas de Carlos VIII a Florencia en 1494. Finalmente sería desterrado por un pueblo enfurecido (empujado por sus primos inconformes). Miguel Angel en tanto protegido de dicha familia corría peligro. Tres semanas antes que Piero, salió Miguel Angel y marchó a Venecia a caballo, a donde habría de llegar una semana después. Pero a los pocos días se le acabaría el dinero y marchó hacia Bolonia a ver lograba en esa ciudad algún encargo que le permitiera sostenerse.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/miguel-angel-infancia.html"&gt;Miguel Angel, Infancia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-866237782833424701?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/866237782833424701/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=866237782833424701' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/866237782833424701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/866237782833424701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/miguel-angel-juventud.html' title='Miguel Angel, juventud'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7946029774138592494</id><published>2009-11-28T12:25:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-28T12:25:06.643-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia del arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miguel Angel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Miguel Angel, infancia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Miguel Angel, infancia; podría extenderme en una parrafada intensa y larga sobre la biografia completa del genio italiano, pero voy por ciclos, señalando los puntos descollantes de su carrera.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Miguel Angel Buonarroti (nombre completo, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni&amp;nbsp;)&amp;nbsp;nació un 6 de marzo de 1475 (entre 4 y 5 de madrugada de un lunes), en el pequeño burgo toscano de Caprese (República de Florencia-actual provincia de Arezzo, en Italia-). su padre, Ludovico&amp;nbsp; (Lodovico di Lionardo)Buonarroti, procedía de una familia de Florencia y ocupaba el cargo de podestà (corregidor y juez de paz de Caprese y Chiusi), en representación de la República de Florencia (cargo temporal, por seis meses). Ludovico cumplía los requisitos para esta clase de cargos: era ciudadano florentino, güelfo y popolane, es decir, no era noble.&lt;br /&gt;Al trasladarse a Florencia poco después del nacimiento (exactamente tres semanas después), dejó a Miguel Angel con una nodriza (mujer de un picapiedrero)&amp;nbsp;en la cercana población de Settignano, un pueblecito que vivía del despiece y tratamiento del mármol. El pequeño Miguel Angel pasaría su temprana infancia en Settignano (al&amp;nbsp;lado de bosques de olivos y canteras, teniendo por compañeros de juegos a hijos de labradores)&amp;nbsp;y Florencia.&lt;br /&gt;Cuando tenía 6 años fallece su madre, Francesca,&amp;nbsp;dejando a su padre con&amp;nbsp;cinco hijos. La familia vivía en el barrio de Santa Croce, en la parte oriental de Florencia, donde más tarde Miguel Angel adquiriría una casa, hoy convertida en museo dedicado a su persona. Parece ser que en la etapa&amp;nbsp;escolar, el precoz Miguel Angel mostraba mayor interés en dibujar o acompañando a pintores que en las actividades escolares.&lt;br /&gt;De los cinco hijos, el mayor, Leonardo, ingresó a los siete años en la orden de los dominicos. Ala bandonar la comunidad familiar, el segundo hijo, Miguel Angel, ocupó su sitio; el tercero, Buonarroto, se hizo banquero y comerciante, como comerciante seria el cuarto hijo, Giovansimone. El más pequeño, Gismondo, elegiría la carrera de las armas.&lt;br /&gt;Como el padre de Miguel Angel deseaba prepararlo para ingresar a la burocracia estatal, quería que estudiara jurisprudencia. Así fue como a los 7 años Michelangelo ingreasaría en la escuela de Francesco da Urbino, pero a nuestra lumbrera de la historia del &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/08/arte.html"&gt;arte&lt;/a&gt; le llamaba poderosamente, ver, copiar y aprender de los grandes artistas florentinos, hallando grandes amigos entre los maestros y jóvenes artistas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7946029774138592494?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7946029774138592494/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7946029774138592494' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7946029774138592494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7946029774138592494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/miguel-angel-infancia.html' title='Miguel Angel, infancia'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7766355287326209359</id><published>2009-11-27T04:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-27T04:15:35.169-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='compras'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singapur'/><title type='text'>Singapur, de compras</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Singapur, de compras, seguramente si vamos a conocer no podremos resistir irnos de Shopping como dirían los angloparlantes. Dicen los conocedores que Singapur tiene reputación de ser un paraíso de las gangas aunque los precios pueden acercarse mucho a los mercados occidentales, pero los supera en comodidad y familiariedad.&lt;br /&gt;No hay caos urbano en el comercio, es fácil moverse por las avenidas, el regateo poco se usa y los timadores son bien pocos así que el temor de una estafa es practicamente inexistente en el mercado formal.&lt;br /&gt;Por supuesto que las estrellas de las compras den Singapur pueden ser la electrónica y los productos de informática (pero investigue marcas, modelos&amp;nbsp;y garantías-sobre todo la cobertura de la misma-&amp;nbsp;antes de comprar, que el modelo adquirido sea compatible con&amp;nbsp;el sistema electrico de su país de origen)&amp;nbsp;; la ropa y los CD`s pueden ser más baratos que en la mayoría de países occidentales y...con algo de suerte, dinero y conocimiento, puede adquirir valiosas antiguedades asiáticas.&lt;br /&gt;Una vez al año, alrededor de seis semanas, se realiza en Singapur la Gran venta de Singapur (great Singapure sale), entre finales de mayo y comienzos de Julio, un evento minorista, es decir para el usuario común y corriente.&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;La Meca de las compras en Singapur se encuentra en el sector de Orchard Road, un sector que hace unas décadas era escenario de grandes plantaciones y ahora cultiva centros comerciales bellos y novedosos.&lt;br /&gt;Si va a adquirir antiguedades asiáticas, le convendría ir a Chinatown, Dempsey Rd y al Centro Comercial Tanglin.&lt;br /&gt;Para tejidos y textiles tal vez valga la pena concurrir al Little India y al barrio árabe.&lt;br /&gt;Si su inclinación son los productos electrónicos, el Lucky Plaza, el Sim Lim Square y el Centro Mustafá pueden ser buenos puntos de partida; también son recomendables el Centro comercial Funan Digital Life, Best Denki y Harvey Norman.&lt;br /&gt;Para quienes sienten debilidad por el calzado y la moda, los precios del mismo en Singapur, si bien no son los más bajos, dispone de una variedad enorme y envidiable para cualquier capital europea. Cada año, sobre marzo se realiza el Fashion Festival donde se exhiben creaciones internacionales y locales. Se recomienda dentro de este rubro de compras, el centro comercial Heeren, el Far East Plaza y Parco Bugis; así mismo el Haji Lane y Stamford House.&lt;br /&gt;si va a adquirir CD`s y libros, sería interesante que fuera a Borders y&amp;nbsp;Kinokuniya para libros; pero si su predilección son los discos compactos, entonces&amp;nbsp;HMV puede ser lo mejor.&lt;br /&gt;Esta mini-guía es tan solo un resumen muy breve de lo que pudiera su experiencia de Compras en Singapur.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/vuelos-singapur.html"&gt;vuelos a Singapur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7766355287326209359?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7766355287326209359/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7766355287326209359' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7766355287326209359'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7766355287326209359'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/singapur-de-compras.html' title='Singapur, de compras'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-9193673090734925277</id><published>2009-11-27T03:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-27T03:29:19.105-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kvas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kefir'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Caucaso'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bebidas alcoholicas'/><title type='text'>Bebidas alcoholicas en el caucaso</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Vamos a rastrear las bebidas alcoholicas en el Caucaso.Tambien es historia y enriquece nuestro sustrato cultural: &lt;br /&gt;Entre los pastores del Caucaso, la fermentación tradicional de la leche de camello en su famoso Kefir o vino (bebida alcoholica)&amp;nbsp;de la leche tienen antiguas referencias que datan desde los viajes de Marco Polo. Básicamente consiste en añadir bacterias y fermentos a la leche , envasarla en envases de vidrio y mantenerla tapada y almacenarla en una suerte de armario caliente, para que luego de tres dias de fermentación, se obtenga algo muy parecido al yogur. Es el kefir una bebida rica en levaduras benéficas para la salud, que se le da a los convalecientes y enfermos para su pronta recuperación, pero tambien se emplea para hacer mascarillas. Y no falta quien aduzca que la causa de la longevidad de los habitantes del Cáucaso se deba a su ingestión de Kefir.Sabemos que esta bebida estimula el peristaltismo, la salivación, ayuda a recuperar la flora intestinal, combate la flatulencia, los problemas de sueño, la gula y la depresión.&lt;br /&gt;Pero tambien se ingiere en profusión variantes fermentadas de leche de vaca y&amp;nbsp;de oveja,&amp;nbsp;de los cocos, de la soya y el arroz por ejemplo.Valga la pena traer a colación que dentro de la cocina turca hay una especialidad que emplea la leche de yegua fermentada.&lt;br /&gt;Los musulmanes consideran que estas bebidas alcohólicas derivadas de la leche&amp;nbsp;son un don de Dios.&lt;br /&gt;Vale la pena reseñar tambien la Kvas, una cerveza de levadura de cereales, remolachas, frutas y&amp;nbsp;bayas; esta Kvas es baja en alcohol y se emplea para acompañar sopas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/bebidas-alcoholicas-en-la-india.html"&gt;Bebidas alcoholicas en la India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-9193673090734925277?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/9193673090734925277/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=9193673090734925277' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9193673090734925277'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9193673090734925277'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/bebidas-alcoholicas-en-el-caucaso.html' title='Bebidas alcoholicas en el caucaso'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2056558167271142857</id><published>2009-11-27T03:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-27T03:03:42.794-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dubai'/><title type='text'>Dubai</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Dubai, por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;Historia, history&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Que hay problemas económicos serios en Dubai y esto ha afectado a las grandes bolsas de valores del mundo, retumba en las agencias de noticias. Pero claro, Dubai...y eso...¿dónde queda?. Casi todos tenemos mediana idea que tiene algo que ver con los petroleros o los árabes, lo cual es medianamente exacto.&lt;br /&gt;El emirato de Dubai hace parte de los Emiratos Arabes Unidos, siendo el segundo más grande y poblado de la federación, con poco más de 3.900 kilómetros cuadrados y algo así como&amp;nbsp;1&amp;nbsp;450 000 habitantes; la forma del emirato es casi rectangular y da una parte sobre el golfo Pérsico.La capital del emirato de Dubai es la ciudad de Dubai (la más poblada del país), fue construida junto a un pequeño arroyo en la parte noreste del estado. Más del 90% de los pobladores viven en la capital y cerca de los nucleos urbanos.&lt;br /&gt;El emirato de Dubai limita con los emiratos de Abu Dhabi y de Al Shariqah. Su desarrollo ha estado volcado a la construcción y&amp;nbsp;el turismo, además de ser un centro financiero y de convenciones, impresionante; contrario a la idea de un pais petrolero, sus ingresos por este concepto son de menos del 6%. Y pensar que hasta la década del 30 era Dubai tan solo una ciudad que exportaba perlas.&lt;br /&gt;El mercado inmobiliario ha alcanzado cimas elevadas; fácilmente hay islas artificiales construidas allí, rascacielos impresionantes (se trabaja en un hotel submarino).&lt;br /&gt;Hasta el año de 1971 estuvo Dubai bajo el protectorado británico.&lt;br /&gt;¿Qué pasará con la burbuja inmobiliaria en Dubai&amp;nbsp;con estos coletazos de la crisis mundial? Veremos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2056558167271142857?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2056558167271142857/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2056558167271142857' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2056558167271142857'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2056558167271142857'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/dubai.html' title='Dubai'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8210161815263026910</id><published>2009-11-26T06:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-26T06:50:48.332-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='libro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='odontologia'/><title type='text'>Primer libro de odontologia</title><content type='html'>¿Cuando se publicó el primer libro de odontología? En 1728.&lt;br /&gt;¿Quien lo escribió? El francés Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761).&lt;br /&gt;¿Cómo se llamaba? Le chirurgien dentiste (el cirujano dentista).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;¿De qué trataba en concreto? En su libro, Fauchard (a quien actualmente se le reconoce como el padre de la odontologia), describió las primeras prótesis dentales y las terapias para curar las caries , empleando rudimentarios emplastes metálicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8210161815263026910?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8210161815263026910/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8210161815263026910' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8210161815263026910'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8210161815263026910'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/primer-libro-de-odontologia.html' title='Primer libro de odontologia'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1854451168210248142</id><published>2009-11-26T06:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-26T06:42:35.343-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='diabetes'/><title type='text'>Etiologia de la diabetes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En etiologia de la diabetes, la historia de cómo se reconocieron sus síntomas.&lt;br /&gt;Si bien la diabetes se conocía mucho antes, solo fue hasta 1670 que el médico inglés Thomas Willis (1621-1675) se dió cuenta que la orina de los diabéticos resulta dulce porque contiene el azúcar que los pacientes diabéticos tienden a acumular en la sangre y, debido a ello, a eliminar por la orina.&lt;br /&gt;Willis tuvo el mérito de haber reconocido la sintomatología de la enfermedad, aunque debieran pasar algo así como 150 años para llegar a su curación.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/entomologia-y-globulos-rojos.html"&gt;entomologia y globulos rojos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1854451168210248142?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1854451168210248142/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1854451168210248142' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1854451168210248142'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1854451168210248142'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/etiologia-de-la-diabetes.html' title='Etiologia de la diabetes'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5397484811619460413</id><published>2009-11-24T16:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T16:48:45.776-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='globulos rojos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='entomologia'/><title type='text'>entomologia y globulos rojos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En entomologia y globulos rojos veremos el nacimiento de la ciencia que estudia los insectos y del descubrimiento de los hematíes. Esta es la historia que les voy a narrar.&lt;br /&gt;Debido a la falta de instrumentos adecuados, el desarrollo de los conocimientos científicos se obstaculizó durante mucho tiempo. Se inventaron microscopios rudimentarios y alrededor de 1650 ya iban mucho más avanzados y permitía el estudio de pequeños detalles de los organismos vivos. Gracias al trabajo desarrollado llevado a cabo por el naturalista holandés Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680) fue que nació la entomología y en 1658, descubrió la existencia de los glóbulos rojos en la sangre.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/vasos-linfaticos.html"&gt;vasos linfaticos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5397484811619460413?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5397484811619460413/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5397484811619460413' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5397484811619460413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5397484811619460413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/entomologia-y-globulos-rojos.html' title='entomologia y globulos rojos'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8849100316258553137</id><published>2009-11-24T02:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T02:57:35.122-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='India'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bebidas alcoholicas'/><title type='text'>bebidas alcoholicas en la india</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Veamos la primera historia de las &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/08/bebidas-alcoholicas.html"&gt;bebidas alcohólicas&lt;/a&gt; en la India. Estas han sido consideradas en todas las culturas como sinónimo de culto y hospitalidad, convivencia y respeto por el anfitrión.&lt;br /&gt;En la India, la destilación del Sura un licor hecho a base de cebada o arroz salvaje data desde el tiempo de los primeros pobladores del valle del Indo pero al igual que la práctica de comer o no carne, causó muchso conflictos étnicos y religiosos&amp;nbsp;al interior del territorio.Es así como los Sutras recomiendan el consumo moderado de vinos a base de miel , azúcar morena y flores como símbolo de hospitalidad y condenan la embriaguez con Sura como uno de los cinco pecados capitales. Los monjes budistas prescribían el vino para la enfermedad pero los jainistas en cambio no permitían residir a sus monjes en un hogar donde se almacenara vino.&lt;br /&gt;Resumiendo: las bebidas alcoholicas en India existen desde el comienzo de su civilización y, permisiva o desenfrenadamente, se ha usado para alegrar las reuniones de los nativos de dicho país.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/ambulancia.html"&gt;ambulancia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8849100316258553137?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8849100316258553137/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8849100316258553137' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8849100316258553137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8849100316258553137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/bebidas-alcoholicas-en-la-india.html' title='bebidas alcoholicas en la india'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2294003873204959720</id><published>2009-11-24T02:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T02:35:03.811-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ambulancia'/><title type='text'>Ambulancia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La primera historia de la ambulancia, es el tema que nos ocupa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por allá en el tiempo de los reyes católicos se acuñó el término ambulancia, derivado del verbo latino, ambulare, que significacaminar.Luego ambulancia significaba caminar hacia el hospital o a recibir atención médica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero la ambulancia como tal ha sido un invento militar. Antes del trabajo del francés Domique Larrey a finales del siglo XVIII, algunos ejércitos tenían incluso un equipo de primeros auxilios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1792, Larrey cambió el concepto de ambulancia clásico, para trocarla en un vehículo que trasladaba a los médicos con su instrumental al capo de batalla. A este primer equipo móvil de paramédicos que apoyaban a las tropas de Napoleón durante la guerra, se la llamó, "ambulancia voladora". Llevaban consigo algunos insumos médicos y transportaban algunos heridos a un hospital en un vehículo liviano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El servicio de ambulancia para la población civil, en cambio, solo apareció en 1865 en Cincinnati, y en 1869 en Nueva York, con vehículos tirados por caballos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/escalera-mecanica.html"&gt;escalera mecanica&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/tornillo.html"&gt;tornillo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2294003873204959720?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2294003873204959720/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2294003873204959720' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2294003873204959720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2294003873204959720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/ambulancia.html' title='Ambulancia'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3105396357065901964</id><published>2009-11-23T03:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T03:13:44.444-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='escalera mecanica'/><title type='text'>Escalera mecanica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La escalera mecanica fue diseñada originalmente por Jesse Wilford Reno y fue llamada "transportador o elevador sin fin". La patente de la misma fue solicitada en 1861, cuando aun era un precoz adolescente de 16 años.&lt;br /&gt;Sue escalera fue llevada a la realidad en 1895 en Brooklyn, aunque solo era una pasarela móvil en pendiente y escalones con surcos para evitar que la gente se resbalara. No se llamaba para nada escalera mecánica. Dicho nombre fue utilizado por el estadounidense Charles Seeberger para describir un diseño con escalones plegables que inventó originalmente George Wheeler.&lt;br /&gt;Seeberger se unió a la empresa de ascensores Otis, que exhibió la escalera mecánica en la Exposición de París de 1900. Más tarde el agregó los escalones con surcos del diseño de Reno para completar la escalera mecánica que hoy conocemos.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/tornillo.html"&gt;tornillo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3105396357065901964?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3105396357065901964/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3105396357065901964' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3105396357065901964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3105396357065901964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/escalera-mecanica.html' title='Escalera mecanica'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-589606459660812675</id><published>2009-11-23T02:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T02:14:23.491-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tornillo'/><title type='text'>tornillo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La historia primigenia del tornillo empezó con el singular Arquímedes. Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El tornillo de Arquímedes era un tipo de bomba que aun se usa para irrigar la tierra. Consta de un cilindro con un gran tornillo en su interior cuyo extremo inferior se sumerge en el agua; a medida que el tornillo gira, el agua sube por el cilindro.&lt;br /&gt;De todas formas conviene aclarar que Arquímedes no inventó el tornillo como tal, pero escribió acerca de él (año 260 antes de nuestra era)probablemente después de haber visto uno en Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien. La cosa no paró ahí.&lt;br /&gt;Como el hilo de un tornillo puede ejercer una gran fuerza cuando se gira aplicando una presión pequeña, fue esta cualidad lo que lo convirtió en una herramienta ideal para mantener objetos unidos. Dicho hilo era muy difícil de confeccionar, sobre todo el hilo hembra del interior de una tuerca, que se utiliza en conjunto con el hilo macho de una tornillo. Hacia el año 50 de nuestra era se cortaban con una herramienta llamada macho de enroscar. En esa misma época, el científico e inventor griego Herón de Alejandría, escribía sobre máquinas con piezas que se debían unir con tornillos bien fabricados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-589606459660812675?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/589606459660812675/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=589606459660812675' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/589606459660812675'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/589606459660812675'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/tornillo.html' title='tornillo'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7402229601095909668</id><published>2009-11-22T06:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T06:00:05.653-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pintalabios'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lapiz labial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colorete'/><title type='text'>Lapiz labial</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La historia del origen &lt;strong&gt;lapiz labial&lt;/strong&gt; o &lt;strong&gt;pintalabios&lt;/strong&gt; es el motivo de este post. Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;Historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el año de 1883 se presentó el primer lapiz labial o pintalabios (mis tías le decían &lt;strong&gt;colorete&lt;/strong&gt;) en la Exposición Universal de Amsterdam. Estaba fabricado con grasa de venado y estaba envuelto en papiro de seda. La Inglaterra victoriana consideraba su uso como una vulgaridad. Pero el envase no era el más conveniente para este consentidor de la vanidad femenina, ya que no podían llevarlo a todas partes.&lt;br /&gt;En 1915, el inventor estadounidense Maurice Levy unió un lápiz labial sólido a un receptáculo que se deslizaba y lo colocó dentro de un tubo de metal con tapa. Las mujeres podían maniobrar su lapiz labial, bien sea para usarlo o volverlo a guardar muy fácilmente y con mucha higiene sobre todo, evitando ensuciar sus carteras o bolsillo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7402229601095909668?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7402229601095909668/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7402229601095909668' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7402229601095909668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7402229601095909668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/lapiz-labial.html' title='Lapiz labial'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-9145746136798476435</id><published>2009-11-22T05:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-23T04:54:55.126-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bicicleta'/><title type='text'>Origen de la bicicleta</title><content type='html'>Veamos cuál fue el origen de la &lt;strong&gt;bicicleta&lt;/strong&gt; moderna. Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Se dice que primero fue "la máquina de andar" del inventor alemán Karl Christian Ludwing Drais Von Sauerbronn, en 1817, que era lo que conocemos como velocípedo: una montura con dos ruedas, un manillar para sostenerse mas no para direccionar el vehículo (algo que se hacía con un palito-palo pequeño-). En 1839 el británico Kirk Patrick Mc Millan tuvo la brillante idea de ponerle pedales a la rueda delantera.&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1870 hubo un gran adelanto en esto de reconstruir la historia de nuestras bicicletas. James Starley y William Hillman crearon el biciclo, una especie de bicileta con una enorme rueda delantera y una rueda trasera bastante pequeña, que como ventajas sobre los velocípedos tenía la de ser más liviano y, como su fuera poco, debido a su gran rueda delantera que actuaba como los cambios en las velocidades modernas, permitiéndo que el conductor le diera más potencia eficiente&amp;nbsp;al vehículo.&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1885, se logra el primer diseño de lo que podría ser para nosotros una bicicleta moderna. John Starley ensambló un armazón con forma de diamante, dos ruedas de similar tamaño, horquilla delantera inclinada de tal forma que la rueda se moviera en línea recta: la abuelita de las bicicletas; su nombre Rover (el mismo de los autos o carros).&lt;br /&gt;También ese mismo año llegó un complemento idóneo para las bicicletas, el engranaje criptodinámico. ¿Y eso qué era? Una suerte de caja de cambios ideado por W. T. Shaw. Dicho dispositivo sería mejorado en 1902 por los ingleses H. Sturney y J. Archer. Pero hubo otra persona que tuvo que ver con el desarrollo e integración de estos mecanismos, hasta dar con su ubicación actual en la rueda trasera: el señor Frank Bowden.&lt;br /&gt;Esta ha sido una historia resumida del origen de la bicicleta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-9145746136798476435?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/9145746136798476435/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=9145746136798476435' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9145746136798476435'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9145746136798476435'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/origen-de-la-bicicleta.html' title='Origen de la bicicleta'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-725927494408347542</id><published>2009-11-22T04:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T04:56:48.840-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='produccion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='co2'/><title type='text'>Produccion de co2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;¿Producción de co2? Ah claro, lo que pasa es que el hombre es quien más produce co2 y contamina y está acabando con el planeta, es por eso que el calentamiento global y bla bla bla....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Falso. ¿Sabía usted que el principal emisor de co2 es la tierra? Sí, la misma naturaleza. Tomando como referente un estudio del programa de las naciones unidas para el medio ambiente, sabemos que el 95% del co2 y de los gases de efecto invernadero los expele la tierrita. El restante 5% lo genera el hombre....Oigo rechinar los engranajes cerebrales intentando procesar este dato.&lt;br /&gt;Pero eso no es todo.De la parte correspondiente al hombre, la industria es culpable del 16,8%; la extracción de combustibles fósiles y afines, del 11% (ahí están las petroleras, las empresas que sacan el carbon, et.); el transporte de combustibles, del 14%, estaciones generadoras 21%, tratamiento de residuos 3,4%, uso de la tierra 3,4%.&lt;br /&gt;La producción del co2 es un tema preocupante por supuesto y el quere conservar nuestro planeta en las mejores condiciones también.&lt;br /&gt;Ustedes se preguntarán cómo hace la madre naturaleza para "contaminar": en las erupciones volcanicas con su emisión de gases, los animales&amp;nbsp; cuando eructan y ventosean...jijijiji...son tan solo algunos ejemplitos. Luego debemos tener una actitud no solo inteligente sino responsable frente a la producción de co2, sacándonos tanta paraoia persecutoide y tomando mendidas eficaces para que el mundo que legemos a nuestros hijos sea no solo más adelantado tecnológicmante sino más limpio y&amp;nbsp;ecológicamente sostenible.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/arboles-y-co2.html"&gt;arboles y co2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-725927494408347542?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/725927494408347542/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=725927494408347542' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/725927494408347542'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/725927494408347542'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/produccion-de-co2.html' title='Produccion de co2'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8317238165642700780</id><published>2009-11-22T04:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T04:39:05.019-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='arboles'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='co2'/><title type='text'>arboles y co2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En arboles y co2 reflexionaremos un poco sobre esta relación, que se nos ha inculcado desde infantes, sobre lo benéfico que es sembrar arboles para que absorban el co2 y purifiquen el aire y todas esos items ecológicos tan trillados.&lt;br /&gt;Para empezar no basta con sembrar arboles para que automáticamente estos empiecen a "tragarse" el co2. Generalmente empiezan a hacerlo después de los 20 años. Así, que dejemos los populismos señores políticos, que con sacarnos una foto sembrando unos arbolitos, ya , instantáneamente estamos purificando el medio ambiente.&lt;br /&gt;Es más bien una apuesta a futuro. Pero eso no es todo. Recien sembrados, cuando muy jovenes, estos arboles emiten más co2 del que absorben. Y peor aun, para el que no lo sabe: cuando fallece un arbol, expele todo el co2 que ha acumulado durante su vida. Luego no se trata de sembrar arboles (a la loca, de la especie que sea, así rompan los alcantarillados y las cañerías en las ciudades) en profusión y desorden, sino en saber y valorar las interrelaciones de los ecosistemas y los seres vivos.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien :&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/09/biosfera.html"&gt;bioesfera&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8317238165642700780?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8317238165642700780/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8317238165642700780' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8317238165642700780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8317238165642700780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/arboles-y-co2.html' title='arboles y co2'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4780725269919058324</id><published>2009-11-21T05:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-16T10:29:01.327-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>Historia 976-1093</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Desglosemos cronologicamante&amp;nbsp; la historia universal entre los años 976 y 1093 de nuestra era:&lt;br /&gt;Año. Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;976. Basilio II, emperador de Bizancio.&lt;br /&gt;980.Almanzor, azote de los reinos cristianos.&lt;br /&gt;987. Hugo Capeto, rey de Francia.&lt;br /&gt;996.Otón III traslada la capital del imperio a Roma.&lt;br /&gt;1012. Descomposición del califato de Córdoba en reinos de taifas.&lt;br /&gt;1016. Canuto el Grande, rey de Dinamarca, conquista Inglaterra y Noruega.&lt;br /&gt;1017. Alfonso V promulga el Fuero de León.&lt;br /&gt;1029. Sancho III de Navarra se apodera de Castilla.&lt;br /&gt;1030. Primer asentamiento estable de los normandos en el sur de Italia.&lt;br /&gt;1035. A la muerte de Sancho III, finaliza la hegemonía naarra en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;1037. Fernando I, rey de Castilla y de León.&lt;br /&gt;1054. Cisma de Oriente.&lt;br /&gt;1063. Ramiro I, primer rey de Aragón.&lt;br /&gt;1066. Guillermo de Normnadía conquista Inglaterra.&lt;br /&gt;1067. Guerra de los tres Sanchos (Sancho IV de Navarra, Sancho II de Castilla y Sancho Ramírez de Aragón).&lt;br /&gt;1075. Comienza la querella de las Investiduras.&lt;br /&gt;1085. Alfonso VI de Castilla conquista Toledo a los Musulmanes.&lt;br /&gt;1086. Los amorávides se adueñan de al-Andalus.&lt;br /&gt;1093. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/08/el-cid-campeador.html"&gt;El Cid Campeador&lt;/a&gt; inicia el sitio a Valencia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bueno, este ha sido mi resumen de la historia universal entre los años 970 y 1093 de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4780725269919058324?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4780725269919058324/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4780725269919058324' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4780725269919058324'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4780725269919058324'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-976-1093.html' title='Historia 976-1093'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5885761965414137633</id><published>2009-11-21T03:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:35:28.605-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mayflower'/><title type='text'>Mayflower</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;Historia, history&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;br /&gt;En Mayflower&amp;nbsp;recordaremos la historia de&amp;nbsp;los acontecimientos del año 1600, cuando un nuevo movimiento religioso cobraba fuerza en Inglaterra , partiendo de la crítica a la iglesia Anglicana e intentando purificar y renovar las iglesias protestantes.&lt;br /&gt;Llamados Puritanos, fueron hostigados sin descanso por las autoridades inglesas por intentar minar el orden eclesiástico. Buscando la libertad religiosa, muchos puritanos salieron hacia norteamérica a fundar comunidades religiosas.&lt;br /&gt;El 16 de septiembre de 1620, el Mayflower parte, arribando a Massachusetts el 21 de noviembre de ese mismo año, día en que&amp;nbsp;firmarían los 41 varones del Mainflower un convenio para crear una forma de gobierno acorde con sus ideas religiosas, lo que se convertiría en el fundamento del gobierno de Plymouth, Massachusetts.&lt;br /&gt;El Mayflower se mantuvo al servicio de los peregrinos hasta que construyeran vivienda estable en tierra firme regresando a Inglaterra el 5 de abril de 1621.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5885761965414137633?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5885761965414137633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5885761965414137633' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5885761965414137633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5885761965414137633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/mayflower.html' title='Mayflower'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2404492570320823480</id><published>2009-11-20T05:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-20T05:04:54.228-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='turismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vancouver'/><title type='text'>Turismo en Vancouver</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Con la disculpa de los juegos olimpicos de invierno &lt;a href="http://olimpicos1.blogspot.com/2009/10/vancouver.html"&gt;Vancouver&lt;/a&gt; 2010 nos vamos de turismo por la capital de &lt;a href="http://ibague-tolima-colombia.blogspot.com/2009/10/columbia-britanica.html"&gt;Columbia Britanica&lt;/a&gt;. Fuera de los imprescindibles eventos deportivos y sus escenarios, estos serían buenos sitios a visitar:&lt;br /&gt;El Vancouver Aquarium, el Stanley Park Seawall, Chinatown, la&amp;nbsp;biblioteca principal&amp;nbsp;de Vancouver , explore así mismo el UBC’s Museum of Anthropology o haga un recorrido en bicileta por las montañas (sobre todo en predios de la Universidad de Columbia); de igual forma no deje de ir a tomar un café a Granville Island o&amp;nbsp;disfrute de&amp;nbsp;un atardecer desde el Waterside Patio.&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien, en verano vale la pena ir a las playas de Vancouver que las hay para todos los gustos, desde playas para nudistas hasta playas para jugar volleyball. No olvide irse de picnic al faro o alguna de las montañas cercanas, seguramente será una experiencia inolvidable. Programe su paseo también a la costa norte de Vancouver y no se arrepentirá, sobre todo por la densa zona boscosa a media hora de la ciudad. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;Esta es solo una aproximación breve y sencilla al turismo en Vancouver, para que note que vale la pena viajar hasta esta región de &lt;a href="http://canada.pcweb.info/"&gt;&lt;span id="goog_1258721028812"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Canada&lt;span id="goog_1258721028813"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2404492570320823480?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2404492570320823480/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2404492570320823480' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2404492570320823480'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2404492570320823480'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/turismo-en-vancouver.html' title='Turismo en Vancouver'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3918319703411702671</id><published>2009-11-18T03:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T10:50:38.763-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aire acondicionado'/><title type='text'>Aire acondicionado</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Intentemos hacer una historia del &lt;strong&gt;aire acondicionado&lt;/strong&gt;, ese sistema que nos permite controlar la calidad del aire, la humedad y la temperatura en el hogar y la oficina.&lt;br /&gt;En la antiguedad empleaban la evaporación como sistema refrigerante. Por ejemplo en la India colocaban esterillas de paja suspendidas y empapadas en agua, en las ventanas, para refrescar el aire entrante.&lt;br /&gt;Un innovador, el sirio Heliogábalo, que fue emperador romano, hasta su asesinato en el palacio por cuenta de un guardia en el año 222 de nuestra era, durante una oleada de calor, decidió enviar a sus esclavos hasta los Apeninos para traer nieve, que sería transportada en carros tirados por burros y puesta en los jardines, de tal forma que mitigara el calor de sus invitados a cenar.&lt;br /&gt;Durante el &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/renacimiento/"&gt;renacimiento&lt;/a&gt; italiano, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/04/leonardo-terico-del-arte-y-de-la.html"&gt;Leonardo Da Vinci&lt;/a&gt; esbozó los planes para un fuelle de agua, un dispositivo de refrigeración con un tambor de aire, que ideó para el dormitorio de Beatrice, duquesa de Milán. El sistema ideado por Da Vinci requería el ingente esfuerzo físico de un sirviente que hacía mover el tambor, caminando sin descanso encima de él.&lt;br /&gt;En 1800, los propietarios de una fábrica textil, enfriaron y humidificaron el aire y el ambiente de la fábrica, haciendo aspersión de agua, un concepto que había florecido en los comedores árabes durante la edad media.&lt;br /&gt;En los Estados Unidos, entre 1830 y 1842, John Gorrie, un médico norteamericano, descubrió el principio mecánico para la refrigeración del aire, construyendo un aparato que&amp;nbsp;haciendo lo anterior, contribuyera a bajar la fiebre de sus pacientes. Básicamente comprimía un gas y al ser enfriado lo enviaba por medio de bobinas que lo irradiaban. El tipo &amp;nbsp;renunció a la práctica médica para experimentar con el frío mecánico e intentar comercializar sus inventos, obteniendo su primera patente de refrigeración mecánica en 1851. No obstante no se pudo lucrar de su invención pues la consecución de fondos para fabricar sus aparatos fue un fracaso.&lt;br /&gt;En 1880 ingenieros norteamericanos, en el Teatro del Madison Square en Nueva York, mejoraron la comodidad de los asistentes, haciendo circular aire exterior a través de un filtro de gasa y cuatro toneladas de hielo.&lt;br /&gt;Veinte años después, el ingeniero mecánico Willis Haviland Carrier, un empleado de la Buffalo Forge Company en Nueva York desarrolló el primer sistema de aire acondicionado para la Brooklyn’s Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company, una empresa de litografia que tenía problemas en sus impresiones por los cambios de humedad y de temperatura dentro de sus instalaciones.Su apartato, patentado en 1902, logró controlar la humedad por medio de tubos enfriados con agua a bajas temperaturas, que a su vez recibían aire propulsado por un ventilador para esparcir el frío por sobre las cabezas, antes que por el piso.&lt;br /&gt;Cuatro años más tarde, ayudaría a la fábrica de algodón Chronicle, cerca de Belmont, que requerían de cierto grado de humedad para evitar la electricidad estática en sus tejidos. Uno de los socios de Carrier, el señor Stuart W. Cramer, sería quien acuñaría el término air conditioning (aire acondicionado) durante un discurso&amp;nbsp; en la National Cotton Manufacturers Association.&lt;br /&gt;En 1907 Carrier y sus socios establecieron formalmente la empresa Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America. Para 1915 tomaría el nombre de Carrier Corporation&amp;nbsp;; para 1922&amp;nbsp;ya se encargaba del aire acondicionado del Graumann’s Metropolitan Theater en Los Angeles y más tarde instalarían un dispositivo semejante en la tienda por departamentos J. L. Hudson’s de Detroit.&lt;br /&gt;Antes que extenderse su concepto a los hogares, inicialmente el furor del aire acondicionado caló hondo en hacer el ambiente laboral muy agradable; por tanto, panaderías, fábricas y tiendas la adoptaron rápidamente. Para hoteles, grandes almacenes y Teatros, Carrier inventó un enfriador centrífugo que se adaptaba a las grandes superficies. A nivel residencial, patentaría la Weathermaker, un modelo desarrollado en 1928.&lt;br /&gt;Dos años más tarde, el aire acondicionado ingresaría al Capitolio de los Estados Unidos, La Biblioteca del Congreso, La Corte Suprema, la Casa Blanca, el Kremlim en Rusia y unos 10.000 hogares.&lt;br /&gt;La publicidad ayudó a que el concepto se expandiera rápidamente. Para la feria Mundial de Nueva York en 1939, dentro de un enorme cono llamado el Igloo del mañana, Carrier persuadía a 4 millones de asistentes de las bondades de su producto.&lt;br /&gt;Lo demás han sido mejoras y ajustes sobre la idea de estos señores.&lt;br /&gt;Para 1952, Carrier introduce un central home system y esas mejoras, junto a ventajas como el poco ruido que se hacía y la placidez de sus bondades de microclima hizo que el aire acondicionado se masificara tremendamente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3918319703411702671?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3918319703411702671/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3918319703411702671' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3918319703411702671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3918319703411702671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/aire-acondicionado.html' title='Aire acondicionado'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4090867505807702749</id><published>2009-11-18T02:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-18T02:13:00.556-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='avenarius'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Avenarius Richard</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Richard Avenarius nació el 19 de noviembre de 1843 en Paris y falleció el 18 de agosto&amp;nbsp;en &amp;nbsp;Zurich Suiza.&lt;br /&gt;Richard Avenairus fue un famoso filósofo positivista alemán que estudió en la Universidad de Leipzig, claustro donde se haría docente de filosofía en el año 1876; un año más tarde sería nombrado profesor de la misma materia en Zurich, donde enseñaría hasta su muerte.&lt;br /&gt;Su obra más importante, en dos volúmenes, fue Kritik der reinen Erfahrung (1888–1890), que traducido al castellano sería algo así como crítica de la experiencia pura, que le valió seguidores como Joseph Petzoldt e incluso opositores como Vladimir Il’ich Lenin.&lt;br /&gt;Su punto de vista, designado con los nombres de "empiriocriticismo"o "filosofía de la experiencia pura", una teoría epistemológica pertenece a la corriente general del positivismo científico, tal como era defendido especialmente por los partidarios de la física descriptiva y por algunos representantes de la filosofía de la inmanencia. Según Avenarius, la experiencia debe ser depurada de todo supuesto metafísico; lo que conduce a la metafísica es pura y simplemente la introyección, la proyección a lo externo de los elementos pertenecientes a las representaciones internas.&lt;br /&gt;Para Avenarius la filosofía debe desarrollar un concepto natural del mundo basado en la "experiencia pura". Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;Historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4090867505807702749?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4090867505807702749/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4090867505807702749' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4090867505807702749'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4090867505807702749'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/avenarius-richard.html' title='Avenarius Richard'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4962284910388848715</id><published>2009-11-16T02:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-16T02:48:19.149-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vuelos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singapur'/><title type='text'>Vuelos a Singapur</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Busquemos vuelos a Singapur, sea que vayamos a las olimpiadas de la juventud 2010 o al gran premio de fórmula 1 o a algún gran evento a este país del sudeste asiático.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La ubicación de Singapur y su excelentes instalaciones han hecho de este país (y de esta ciudad) uno de los destinos aéreos por excelencia del mundo. Posee servicio directo desde casi todos los países.Ojo. Hay aerolíneas de bajo costo (budget airlines)&amp;nbsp;que vuelan hacia allí, con tarifas económicas si se hacen las reservas de rigor con antelación (tiene sus páginas web propias, solo diré los nombres):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bezurk, cheapestflights (uk), lastminute, statravel, travel (au), travelonline (nz) y, zuji (au).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pero no está demás tener una relación de las principales aerolíneas (airlines)&amp;nbsp;con oficina en&amp;nbsp;Singapur:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;British Airways, Cathay Pacific airways, Garuda Indonesia, KLM- Royal Dutch Airlines, Lufthansa Airlines, Malaysia Airlines,&amp;nbsp;Quantas, Singapore Airlines y Thai Airways International.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Otras aerolíneas (airlines) de bajo costo operan en Asia aunque no tinenen como destino frecuente a Singapur, pero esto cambia estacionalmente, consúltelas y en caso de necesidad, quién quita: Air Asia, Cebu Pacific, Jetstar Asia y, Tiger Airways.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/hoteles-singapur.html"&gt;hoteles Singapur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4962284910388848715?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4962284910388848715/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4962284910388848715' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4962284910388848715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4962284910388848715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/vuelos-singapur.html' title='Vuelos a Singapur'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3275807483810780558</id><published>2009-11-16T02:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-16T02:15:41.711-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singapur'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hari Raya Haji'/><title type='text'>Hari Raya Haji en Singapur</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El Hari Raya Haji es uno de los festivales más célebres en Singapur y se celebra en el mes de noviembre, conmemorando la finalización de la peregrinación a la Meca. Los animales, en su mayoría ovinos traídos desde Australia, son sacrificados ritualmente en las mezquitas, después de lo cual, el Coran dictamina que una porción de dichas carnes debe ser entregada a los pobres.&lt;br /&gt;Dicho Hari Raya Haji está programado hasta el 2011.&lt;br /&gt;Otro atractivo más de Singapur. Rumbo a los olimpicos de la juventud 2010 a realizarse allí.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/hoteles-singapur.html"&gt;hoteles singapur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3275807483810780558?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3275807483810780558/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3275807483810780558' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3275807483810780558'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3275807483810780558'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/hari-raya-haji-en-singapur.html' title='Hari Raya Haji en Singapur'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7682532586919929222</id><published>2009-11-15T05:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-23T05:04:17.726-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rachel Carson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='silent spring'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><title type='text'>Rachel Carson</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Rachel Carson nació en mayo 27 de 1907 en Springdale Pensilvania, Estados Unidos y falleció el 14 de abril de 1964, en Silver Spring, Maryland. Su nombre completo era Rachel Louise Carson, bióloga estadounidense conocida por sus escritos sobre la contaminación del medio ambiente y su historia natural del mar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desde muy joven Rachel Carson desarrolló un fuerte inclinción por el mundo natural. Entró en el Pennsylvania College para mujeres con la firme intención de convertirse en escritora pero luego su vocación la inclinaría por la biología. Terminando su pregrado o licenciatura en 1929 continúa sus estudios de maestría en la Universidad Johns Hopkins (MA, 1932) y en 1931 se unió a la docencia en la Universidad de Maryland, donde enseñaría durante cinco años. De 1929 a 1936 también enseñó en la escuela de verano de la Universidad Johns Hopkins y cursó estudios de postgrado en el laboratorio biológico marino en Woods Hole, Massachusetts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1936 Rachel Carson ejerce como biólogo acuático para la oficina de pesca de los Estados Unidos donde permanecería hsta 1952.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un artículo en The Atlantic Monthly en 1937 sirvió como base para su primer libro "Under the Sea-wind" (en el viento del mar), publicado en 1941, ampliamente elogiado no solo por su rigor científico sino por su prosa y lírica.&lt;br /&gt;The Sea Around Us -algo así como el mar alrededor nuestro-(1951) se conviritó en un best-seller a nivel &lt;a href="http://estadosunidos-1.blogspot.com/"&gt;Estados Unidos&lt;/a&gt;, ganando el premio nacional del libro y siendo traducido a 30 idiomas.&lt;br /&gt;Su tercer libro The Edge of the Sea , fue publicado en 1955.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su profético libro Silent Spring (Primavera silenciosa) publicado en 1962,&amp;nbsp;fue un gran éxito editorial que llamó la atención del mundo sobre el uso indiscriminado del DDT y otros poderososo insecticidas (la industria química reaccionó airadamente), así como la creación de una conciencia mundial acerca de los peligros de la contaminación ambiental. Una primavera silenciosa, sin el canto de los pájaros. Las aves morían después de ser afectadas por productos químicos de los insecticidas. Ahí empieza su obra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"No hemos madurado aun lo bastante para pensar en que sólo somos una minúscula parte de este vasto e increíble universo".&lt;br /&gt;Un año después estaba debatiéndose sus ideas en el Congreso norteamericano. Pero Carson no pudo ver los resultados sustantivos de su propuesta, ya que solo un año más tarde fallecería, a los 56 años.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No obstante el movimiento ambientalista había nacido.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7682532586919929222?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7682532586919929222/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7682532586919929222' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7682532586919929222'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7682532586919929222'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/rachel-carson.html' title='Rachel Carson'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1215992221061070542</id><published>2009-11-15T05:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-06-20T04:07:47.320-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Francisco de Goya'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biografia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='arte'/><title type='text'>Francisco de Goya</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Francisco de Goya &lt;/b&gt;nació en Fuentedetodos un 30 de marzo de 1746 y falleció en Burdeos, el 16 de abril de 1828.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes&lt;/b&gt;, consumado artista español, cuyos cuadros muy diversos, dibujos y grabados reflejan trastornos históricos contemporáneos e influyó en importantes 19a-y pintores de los siglos 19 y 20. La serie de grabados Los Desastres de la Guerra (1810-14) dejaron registros de los horrores de la invasión napoleónica. Sus obras pictóricas maestras son La Maja Desnuda y La Maja Vestida (c. 1800-05).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/11/infancia-de-goya.html"&gt;Infancia de Goya&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su formación artística como tal la empezó en el taller del pintor José Luzan y Martínez,un artista local preparado en Napoles.&lt;br /&gt;A las claras se veía que desde joven Goya era un curioso pintor muy influido por Velásquez y Rembrandt, desinteresado por las normas académicas y por tanto, un fracaso en los dos concursos que hizo la Academia de Bellas Artes de Madrid durante su juventud. No obstante fue allí donde el ilustre pintor español conocería a los pintores aragoneses Ramón y Francisco Baveu, que serían definitivos en su carrera. Sería con una hermana de ellos (Josefa)&amp;nbsp;que se casaría don Francisco de Goya en 1773.&lt;br /&gt;Marcharía a Roma desde 1771 a continuar sus estudios aunque venía a intervalos a su patria, durante los cuales le fueron encomendados varios frescos de la catedral, que ejecutaría a intervalos durante los próximos 10 años.&lt;br /&gt;Estas y otras primeras pinturas religiosas realizadas en Zaragoza en el estilo barroco-rococó entonces vigente en España y son influenciados en particular por el gran pintor veneciano Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, que pasó los últimos años de su vida en Madrid (1762-70), donde había sido invitado a pintar los techos en el palacio real.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La carrera de Francisco de Goya en la corte se inició en 1775 cuando fue contratado como pintor de cartones en la Real fábrica de Tapices de Santa Bárbara. De los mismos haría Goya más de 60 (que son conservados casi todos por el Museo del Prado) hasta 1792. Es esas obras refleja Goya, los pasatiempos aristocráticos y plebeyos, influenciado posiblemente por el artista alemán Anton Rafael Mengs, un eximio exponente del neoclasicismo y que había sustituído a Tiepolo en la corte madrileña.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para 1780 Francisco de Goya es admitido en la Academia de Bellas Artes (Real Academia de San Fernando, Madrid), pintando un Cristo crucificado, una composición muy tradicional donde se percibe la influencia de Mengs pero modificada por el estilo naturalista de Velásquez.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1785 es nombrado pintor del rey Carlos III con una anualidad de 15.000 reales de vellón. De esta década datan&amp;nbsp; algunos de sus grandes retratos como pueden ser, el Conde Floridablanca y Duques de Osma y varios funcionarios judiciales y aristócratas, así como a bellas damas (incluyendo a la Marquesa de Pontejo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La muerte de Carlos III, llega en 1788, poco antes de la revolución francesa. Vendría luego el reinado del ingenuo Carlos IV, su inteligente e inescrupulosa esposa Maria Luisa, así como la corrupción política y social de su corte, que culminaría con la invasión napoleónica de España. (Leer &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/manuel-godoy.html"&gt;Manuel Godoy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/11/aranjuez-1808.html"&gt;Aranjuez 1808&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/12/fernando-vii.html"&gt;Fernando VII&lt;/a&gt;). Patrocinado por este nuevo rey, Carlos IV, Francisco de Goya pasa a ser pintor de la corte (pintor de cámara, 1789), afamado y exitoso. En 1795 efectivamente Goya es nombrado director de la Academia la que renunciaría dos años después alegando quebrantos de salud y, primer pintor de la corte en 1799.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después de una enfermedad que le dejó sordo después de 1792 (durante un viaje a Andalucía), estuvo largas temporadas en Sevilla, Cádiz y Sanlúcar, muy bien acompañado de la que se dice fue su amante, la duquesa de Alba. Su pintura se hizo más imaginativa y crítica, llegando a un punto bastante alto en 1799 con la publicación de "Los Caprichos", una serie de 80 grabados donde atacó los abusos sociales, políticos y religiosos, con tintes caricaturescos.&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1800 pinta, sin perder su línea perspicaz, el grandioso retrato de La familia de Carlos IV, donde muestra la fealdad y la vulgaridad de las principales figuras de la misma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le tocó vivir en 1808 la invasión napoleónica (año del cual haría luego un óleo muy famoso llamado los fusilamientos del 3 de mayo, donde quedaría plasmado la detención y el fusilamiento de 45 ciudadanos de Madrid, en la montaña de Príncipe Pío) y los cambios de monarca, jurando fidelidad en 1809 a José I y manteniendo su cargo de pintor de la corte. En 1810 realiza su serie de grabados titulados "Los desastres de la guerra" (publicados por primera vez en 1863)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;retratando a personajes como el duque de Wellington en 1812, mismo año en que fallecería su mujer, Josefa Bayeu. Finalizando la guerra en 1814. Goya, que había sido tildado de afrancesado, tuvo que cargar con una investigación para determinar su lealtad o no, al régimen de Pepe Botella, pero fue absuelto y regresado a su cargo, aunque relegado puesto que no agradaba a Fernando VII. En todo caso durante 1814 pintó "La carga de los mamelucos" donde muestra la lucha entre madrileños civiles y mercenarios egipcios combatiendo por Francia y, el cuadro anteriormente reseñado&amp;nbsp; del 3 de mayo de 1808. Haría así mismo una serie de autorretratos donde le pesimismo , el cinismo y la desesperación serán la constante.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1824, cuando fracasó un intento de establecer un gobierno liberal, goya, de 78 años, pide permiso al rey para ir hasta Francia por razones de salud. Después de visitar París, decide exiliarse voluntariamente en Burdeos junto a su compañera sentimental Leocadia Zorrilla (y los hijos de esta), donde permanecería hasta su muerte (exceptuando por supuesto un breve viaje hasta Madrid).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Francisco de Goya pasó a la historia como un artista revolucionario que supo reflejar el agitado estado de cosas que le tocó vivir.&lt;br /&gt;Solo hasta 1919 los restos de Goya regresarían a España, a la ermita de San Antonio de La Florida, en Madrid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1215992221061070542?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1215992221061070542/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1215992221061070542' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1215992221061070542'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1215992221061070542'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/francisco-de-goya.html' title='Francisco de Goya'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-445837660405740764</id><published>2009-11-14T12:44:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-14T12:44:15.544-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singapore'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hotel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singapur'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hoteles'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hostel'/><title type='text'>hoteles Singapur</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Vamos a hablar de hoteles en &lt;a href="http://olimpicos1.blogspot.com/2009/11/singapur.html"&gt;Singapur&lt;/a&gt;. Hablar de olimpiadas y de deportes suele ser emocionante y sencillo; pero si nos toca ir hasta una ciudad extranjera, nos enfrentamos a muchos dilemas. Bueno. Estamos buscando hoteles en Singapur, ahora, justo por los juegos olimpicos de la juventud 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hay muchos hoteles en Singapur, bellos...y costosos.Los más económicos se hallan en la periferia de la ciudad, con sus consabidas desventajas, dentro las cuales en el caso de Singapur, no cuenta el transporte público, puesto que allí es excelente a cualquier hora. A lo sumo en 45 minutos estará en cualquier parte a nivel urbano. Ahora bien, si busca algo de economía con algo de estilo,&amp;nbsp;los mejores sectores para buscar hoteles es en Chinatown &amp;amp; the CBD y Little India &amp;amp;Kampong Glam, ambos muy cerca del puerto. Pero podría interesarse también por una zona relativamente nueva con buenos albergues en la zona de Joo Chiat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Orchar Rd y sus alrededores están repletos de hoteles de lujo como puede ser el área alrededor de Marina Bay, sin desdeñar los hoteles alrededor del moderno muelle de Singapur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pero para estadías largas tal vez le convenga rentar un piso o apartamento. En la sección de clasificados del Strait Time seguramente encontrará el indicado. Pero las rentas de los mismos es elevada, sobre todo si se compara con los ingresos promedio de los occidentales (y ni que decir de los latinoamericanos), máxime si como suele suceder, llevan en el costo, los impuestos incluidos. También puede buscar en Singapore Expats, que detalla la ubicación de los inmuebles, los procedimientos de alquiler y esas minucias. La sección de Singapur dentro de craiglist.org tal vez le sea muy útil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;SOMERSET BENCOOLEN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Estos apartahoteles le ofrecen el servicio por semanas, están amoblados cada uno de sus apartamentos, son amplios y espaciosos con hermosos ventanales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PARKLANE SUITES&lt;br /&gt;Suites de lujos. Y el lujo cuesta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;METRO-Y APARTMENTS&lt;br /&gt;Cerca a Orchard Rd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eso en cuanto a apartamentos para varios días. Si va a emplear el servicio normal de los hoteles, entonces le sugiero que haga su reserva. Debido a los eventos deportivos pueden haber congestiones. Para ello, los mejores portales (agregándoles el .com) pueden ser: asiabesthotels, hotels.online y agoda, entre otros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si le gusta el sector de COLONIAL DISTRICT &amp;amp; THE QUAYS, podría escoger entre los siguientes hoteles de gama media-alta y alta: RAFFLES , FULLERTON , RITZ-CARLTON, SWISSÔTEL, THE STAMFORD, INTERCONTINENTAL, ORIENTAL SINGAPORE, FURAMA RIVERFRONT, PAN PACIFIC, RAFFLES THE PLAZA, GRAND PLAZA PARKROYAL ,&amp;nbsp; RENDEZVOUS, NOVOTEL CLARKE QUAY, GRAND COPTHORNE WATERFRONT , GALLERY , HOLIDAY INN ATRIUM, ALLSON , RIVER VIEW ,&amp;nbsp; ROYAL@QUEENS, ROBERTSON QUAY , PARK VIEW , BEACH , YWCA FORT CANNING LODGE,&amp;nbsp; BENCOOLEN, YMCA INTERNATIONAL , OXFORD , VICTORIA , WATERLOO HOSTEL, SUMMER TAVERN, AH CHEW , y, &amp;nbsp;BACKPACKER COZY CORNER GUESTHOUSE.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si su preferencia va por CHINATOWN &amp;amp; THE CBD, entonces puede escoger entre: M, NEW MAJESTIC , BERJAYA HOTEL SINGAPORE, ROYAL PEACOCK ,&amp;nbsp; 1929, CHINATOWN , TROPICAL HOTEL y, SERVICE WORLD BACKPACKERS HOSTEL.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el sector de LITTLE INDIA &amp;amp; KAMPONG GLAM, estas pueden ser sus mejores alternativas: GOLDEN LANDMARK , ALBERT COURT , PERAK , SUMMER VIEW , FORTUNA , DICKSON COURT , SOUTH-EAST ASIA , MADRAS , ASPHODEL INN, ASPINALS, BROADWAY, HAISING,HANGOUT@MT.EMILY, SLEEPY SAM’S, BUGIS BACKPACKERS, INNCROWD, NEW 7TH STOREY, HIVE, PRINCE OF WALES BACKPACKER HOSTEL, HAWAII HOSTEL, TREEHOUSE BACKPACKER’S HOSTEL e inclusive el DRAGON INN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por la zona de Orchard Road, estas pueden ser sus variantes o alternativas: FOUR SEASONS, SHERATON TOWERS, GOODWOOD PARK, MERITUS MANDARIN SINGAPORE, REGENT, LE MERIDIEN SINGAPORE, GRAND HYATT SINGAPORE, SHANGRI, TRADERS, HILTON INTERNATIONAL, SINGAPORE MARRIOTT, ORCHARD PARADE, ELIZABETH, METROPOLITAN Y, GRAND CENTRAL, SUPREME y el LLOYD’S INN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el Eastern Singapore usted puede escoger entre los siguientes: GRAND MERCURE ROXY, LION CITY, CHANGI VILLAGE, COSTA SANDS RESORT, MALACCA, FRAGRANCE, 81 JOO CHIAT, GATEWAY, JING DONG, RUCKSACK, BETEL BOX y FERN LOFT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por los lados de SENTOSA ISLAND, sus posibilidades pueden ser: SENTOSA SINGAPORE, SHANGRI-LA’S RASA SENTOSA RESORT, SILOSO BEACH RESORT, SIJORI RESORT SENTOSA y el COSTA SANDS RESORT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bueno señoras y señores, esta es la guia de nombres de buenos hoteles en Singapur, casi todos ellos tiene su site propio en internet. Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;Historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-445837660405740764?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/445837660405740764/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=445837660405740764' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/445837660405740764'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/445837660405740764'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/hoteles-singapur.html' title='hoteles Singapur'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6919174170240671512</id><published>2009-11-14T03:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-12T05:44:35.216-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='doha'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='doha qatar'/><title type='text'>Doha</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Que hay un partido amistoso de la selección Brasil e Inglaterra en Doha. ¿Doha? ¿Dónde carámbanos queda &lt;b&gt;Doha&lt;/b&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Doha, en árabe, Ad-Dawhah, es nada más y nada menos que la capital de &lt;a href="http://www.catar2022.info/"&gt;Catar&lt;/a&gt; (desde finales de 1971), en la costa este de la península que lleva el mismo nombre&amp;nbsp;del país, en el golfo Pérsico. 3/5 partes de la población&amp;nbsp;nacional vive en la capital, Doha (nombre que&amp;nbsp;traduce, "Bahía"), de la que podemos decir que está localizada en una bahía poco profunda (a la que se le han hecho mejoras para que ingresen buques de gran calado y transatlánticos)&amp;nbsp;de cerca de 5 kms de este a oeste&amp;nbsp; con un puerto importante a nivel local. ¿Nada más?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Claro que sí.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Durante mucho tiempo Doha fue tan solo un puerto para pescadores de perlas pero luego de la segunda guerra mundial se desubrieron las importates reservas petroleras del actual país de Qatar y hubo una transformación económica completa.Qatar se convirtió en un país muy próspero, con un elevado ingreso per cápita y modernizó su capital. Dentro de las curiosidades mencionables, podemos decir que el suministro de agua potable&amp;nbsp;en Doha, es mantenido por destilación de agua de mar. Existe en la ciudad una moderna planta de empaque de camarón, así mismo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sitios de interés en Doha, Qatar: el mercado (zoco), la torre de la plaza, la casa de gobierno (construida en terrenos ganados al mar), entre otros muchos sitios.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El aeropuerto internacional de Doha queda al sureste de la ciudad. Su población anda por algo más de 600.000 habitantes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;historia, history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6919174170240671512?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6919174170240671512/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6919174170240671512' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6919174170240671512'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6919174170240671512'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/doha.html' title='Doha'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4935044302673527054</id><published>2009-11-12T15:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-12T15:31:22.141-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>historia 822-970</title><content type='html'>Veamos el resumen cronológico de la historia universal entre el 822 y el 970 de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;Año- Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;822. Abderramán II, emir de Córdoba.&lt;br /&gt;840. Íñigo Arista, rey de Pamplona.&lt;br /&gt;842.Ramiro I, rey de Asturias.&lt;br /&gt;843. Tratado de Verdún.&lt;br /&gt;844. Incursión de los vikingos en al-andalus.&lt;br /&gt;859. Batalla del Clavijo.&lt;br /&gt;860. Bizancio rechaza el ataque de Boris I, zar de los búlgaros.&lt;br /&gt;866. Alfonso III, rey de Asturias.&lt;br /&gt;877. Carlos el Calvo reconoce la heredabilidad de los feudos.&lt;br /&gt;h. 883. Se publica la Crónica de Alfonso III.&lt;br /&gt;910. Fundación del monasterio de Cluny.&lt;br /&gt;913. Adberramán III, emir de Córdoba.&lt;br /&gt;914-924. Ordoño II, rey de León.&lt;br /&gt;924. Unión de los reinos de León y Asturias.&lt;br /&gt;929. Aderramán III se toma el título de califa y crea el califato de Córdoba. Ramiro II, rey de León.&lt;br /&gt;936. Otón I de Sajonia, llega al poder.&lt;br /&gt;955. Otón I derrota a los húngaros en Lechfeld.&lt;br /&gt;962.Otón I, emperador.&lt;br /&gt;970. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/11/fernn-gonzlez.html"&gt;Fernán González&lt;/a&gt; independiza el condado de Castilla.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-654-814.html"&gt;historia 654-814&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4935044302673527054?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4935044302673527054/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4935044302673527054' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4935044302673527054'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4935044302673527054'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-822-970.html' title='historia 822-970'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8600515875160461473</id><published>2009-11-07T07:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-07T07:47:02.631-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>historia 654-814</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En &lt;strong&gt;historia 654-814&lt;/strong&gt; seguimos reseñando los eventos mas relevantes de la edad media, ese periodo oscuro de la historia universal donde pasaron cosas importantes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Año. Acontecimiento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;654. recesvinto promulga el Liber iudiciorum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;656. Comienzan las guerras en el interior del mundo islámico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;661. Los omeyas al poder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;710. Rodrigo, nuevo rey de los visigodos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;711. Los musulmanes invaden la península ibérica. Batalla de Guadalete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;718. Victoria de don Pelayo sobre los musulmanes en Asturias.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;726. El emperador bizantino Leon III promulga el edicto iconoclasta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;732. Carlos Martel derrota a los árabes en Poitiers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;739. Alfonso I, rey de Asturias.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;750. Los abásidas deponen a los omeyas y trasladan el califato a Bagdag. Pipino el Breve, rey de los francos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;755. El príncipe omeya Abderramán desembarca en Almuñécar (Granada).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;757. Abderramán I,emir de Córdoba.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;771. Carlomagno, rey de los francos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;774. Carlomagno derrota a los Longobardos en Italia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;778. Derrota de los francos en Roncesvalles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;780. Abderramán I ordena construir en Córdoba una gran mezquita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;785. Carlomagno establece la Marca Hispánica ene l noreste de la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;791. El rey asturiano Alfonso II traslada la capital de Cangas de Onís a Oviedo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;800. Carlomagno es coronado emperador en Roma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;809. Aznar Galindo, primer Conde de Aragón.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;810. Íñigo Iñíguez, rey de Pamplona.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;814. Muerte de Carlomagno.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este fue el resumen de la historia universal de los años 654-814 de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien: historia &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-330-634.html"&gt;330-634&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8600515875160461473?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8600515875160461473/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8600515875160461473' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8600515875160461473'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8600515875160461473'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-654-814.html' title='historia 654-814'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4171584010232135200</id><published>2009-11-07T07:27:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-07T07:27:09.177-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>historia 330-634</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En &lt;strong&gt;historia 330-634&lt;/strong&gt; recapitularemos los hitos históricos correspondiente a estas fechas, así:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Año. Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;330. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/constantinopla-constantinople.html"&gt;Constantinopla&lt;/a&gt;, capital del imperio romano.&lt;br /&gt;337. Muerte de &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/constantino-i-el-grande-flavio-valerio.html"&gt;Constantino&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;395. A la muerte de &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/teodosio-i-el-grande-flavius-theodosius.html"&gt;Teodosio I&lt;/a&gt;, el imperio romano se divide definitivamente.&lt;br /&gt;408. Los pueblos germánicos cruzan el Rin.&lt;br /&gt;410.Saco de Roma.&lt;br /&gt;411. Los suevos se establecen en Galicia.&lt;br /&gt;h. 475. Código de Eurico.&lt;br /&gt;527. Justiniano, emperador de oriente. Redacción del Corpus iuris civilis.&lt;br /&gt;h.556. Toledo pasa a ser la capital del reino visigodo.&lt;br /&gt;568. Los longobardos, en Italia.&lt;br /&gt;h. 579. San leandro, arzobispo de Sevilla.&lt;br /&gt;585. Desaparece el reino suevo.&lt;br /&gt;589. El rey visigodo Recaredo I, se convierte al catolicismo.&lt;br /&gt;590. Gregorio Magno, pontífice.&lt;br /&gt;610. Heraclio, emperador de Bizancio. Mahoma empieza su predicación.&lt;br /&gt;622. Hégira o huida de Mahoma de La Meca a Medina.&lt;br /&gt;632. Muerte de Mahoma.&lt;br /&gt;634. Comienza la expansión del Islam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este es el resumen cronologico de la historia universal&amp;nbsp;que va desde el año 330 al 634 de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-14-325.html"&gt;historia 14-325&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4171584010232135200?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4171584010232135200/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4171584010232135200' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4171584010232135200'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4171584010232135200'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-330-634.html' title='historia 330-634'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3782830784075465538</id><published>2009-11-02T07:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T07:11:15.982-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>Historia 14-325</title><content type='html'>En historia 14-325 de nuestra era, los hechos más destacados de este periodo de tiempo:&lt;br /&gt;Año. Acontecimiento.&lt;br /&gt;14. Muerte de Augusto.&lt;br /&gt;44. Britannia, provincia romana.&lt;br /&gt;54-68. Reinado de Nerón.&lt;br /&gt;64. Incendio de Roma.&lt;br /&gt;79. Destrucción de Pompeya.&lt;br /&gt;80. Inauguración del Coliseo.&lt;br /&gt;98-117. Reinado de Trajano.&lt;br /&gt;113-116. Campaña contra los partos.&lt;br /&gt;161-180. Reinado de Marco Aurelio.&lt;br /&gt;193-211. Reinado de Septimio Severo.&lt;br /&gt;212. Todos los súbditos del imperio pasan a ser ciudadanos romanos.&lt;br /&gt;252. Epidemia de peste en Hispania.&lt;br /&gt;271. Construcción de las murallas de Roma.&lt;br /&gt;272. Destrucción del reino de Palmira.&lt;br /&gt;284. Diocleciano, emperador.&lt;br /&gt;305. Concilio de Elvira.&lt;br /&gt;312. Constantino, emperador único. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/constantino-i-el-grande-flavio-valerio.html"&gt;Constantino I&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;325. Primer concilio ecuménico en Nicea. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/concilio-de-nicea-council-of-nicaea.html"&gt;Concilio de Nicea&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-280-6.html"&gt;Historia 280-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3782830784075465538?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3782830784075465538/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3782830784075465538' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3782830784075465538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3782830784075465538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-14-325.html' title='Historia 14-325'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3487063815939141542</id><published>2009-11-02T06:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T06:52:42.177-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>Historia 280- 6</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En historia 280-6 (280 aC- 6 de nuestra era), destacaremos cronologicamente los eventos más relevantes de la historia universal en ese lapso de tiempo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Año. Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;280. Roma afianza su dominio en Italia.&lt;br /&gt;264. Comienza la primera guerra púnica.&lt;br /&gt;246. Muere &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/ptolomeo-filadelfos.html"&gt;Ptolomeo II Filadelfo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;228. El general cartaginés Asdrúbal funda Carthago Nova, en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;220-219. Aníbal somete a las tribus de la Meseta, en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;219. Aníbal asedia y toma Sagunto.&lt;br /&gt;218. Ceno Escipión desembarca en Ampurias.&lt;br /&gt;216. Escipión funda la ciudad de Itálica.&lt;br /&gt;201. Finaliza la segunda guerra púnica.&lt;br /&gt;196. Los romanos conquistan Grecia.&lt;br /&gt;h. 160. Los romanos dominan ya todo el oriente de la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;149. Destrucción de Cartago.&lt;br /&gt;133. Un ejército romano destruye Numancia.&lt;br /&gt;123. Quinto Cecilio Metelo conquista las Baleares.&lt;br /&gt;73-71. Rebelión de Espartaco.&lt;br /&gt;63. Cicerón es elegido Cónsul.&lt;br /&gt;60. César, Pompeyo y Creso forman el primer triunvirato.&lt;br /&gt;58-61. César conquista las Galias.&lt;br /&gt;48. Victoria de César en Farsalia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;44. César nombrado dictador vitalicio. Octavio, Marco Antonio y Lépido forman el segundo triunvirato. Muerte de Cicerón.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;37. Marco Antonio contrae matrimonio con Cleopatra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;31. Batalla de Actium.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;30. Suicidio de Marco Antonio y Cleopatra. Anexión de Egipto al imperio romano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;27. Octavio asume el título de Augusto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;23. Augusto, procónsul vitalicio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;19. Tras reducir a los cántabros, los romanos controlan toda la península ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;12 aC. Augusto, pontífice máximo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;6 dC. Judea, provincia romana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-550-304.html"&gt;historia 550-304&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3487063815939141542?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3487063815939141542/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3487063815939141542' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3487063815939141542'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3487063815939141542'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-280-6.html' title='Historia 280- 6'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8486688398465969418</id><published>2009-11-02T06:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T06:29:40.336-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>Historia 550-304</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En historia 550-304&amp;nbsp; aC, haremos un recuento cronológico de los eventos más destacados de la historia universal en estas fechas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Año. Acontecimiento.&lt;br /&gt;550. Ciro II funda el imperio persa. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/ciro-de-persia-el-grande.html"&gt;Ciro el grande&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;539. Ciro II conquista Babilonia. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/ciro-y-babilonia.html"&gt;Ciro y Babilonia&lt;/a&gt;). Los judios regresan del cautiverio.&lt;br /&gt;525. Los persas conquistan Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;h. 507. Clístenes instaura la democracia en Atenas.&lt;br /&gt;505. Roma se independiza de Etruria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 500. Comienza a desarrollarse la cultura de los iberos en las zonas meridional y oriental de la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;490. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/batalla-de-maratn.html"&gt;Batalla de Maraton&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;486. Muerte del rey persa &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/daro-i.html"&gt;Darío I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;480. Batalla de las Termópilas. Derrota persa en Salamina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;477. Creación de la liga de los Delos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;457. Comienza la guerra del Peloponeso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;443. Pericles gobierna en Atenas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;404. Egipto se libera del dominio persa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;396. Decadencia de la cultura etrusca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;371. Hegemonía de Tebas en Grecia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;343. Los persas reconquistan Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;338. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/filipo-ii.html"&gt;Filipo II&lt;/a&gt; somete Grecia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;334. Comienzan las campañas de &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/alejandro-magno-alejandro-iiialejandro.html"&gt;Alejandro Magno&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;333. Batalla de Isos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;331. Fundación de Alejandria. A la muerte de Alejandro, su imperio se divide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;304. Finaliza la guerra sammita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-884-587.html"&gt;Historia 884-587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8486688398465969418?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8486688398465969418/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8486688398465969418' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8486688398465969418'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8486688398465969418'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-550-304.html' title='Historia 550-304'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2101042718219215092</id><published>2009-11-01T13:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-01T13:54:36.171-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciencia'/><title type='text'>Ciencia 1961-1965</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/ciencia.html"&gt;ciencia&lt;/a&gt; 1961-1965 seguiremos el recorrido por la historia de la ciencia, que habíamos dejado en &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/09/ciencia-1956-1960.html"&gt;Ciencia 1956-1960&lt;/a&gt; en mi otro blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1961. Louis Leakley, Phillip tobias y John Napier anuncian una nueva especie de homínido: el homo habilis. El cosmonauta&amp;nbsp; Yuri Gagarin circunvala la tierra en la nave Vostok 1.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1962. Se publica "La primavera Silenciosa", de Rachel Carlson. La primera sonda interplanetaria exitosa, el Mariner 2 se acerca a Venus. Así mismo, comineza a operar el Telstar, que fue el primer satélite activo de comunicaciones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1963. La Philips introduce el cassette de audio. Murray Gell- Mann y George zweig proponen la teoría de los quarks o partículas subatómicas en pares, con masa igual y carga eléctrica distinta. Thomas Starzl realiza un transplante de hígado humano. aparece el Valium (diazepam). Intentando computarizar el comportamiento de nuestra atmósfera, Edward N. Lorez demuestra su naturaleza caótica. Maarten Schmidt identifica un quásar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1964. La sonda espacial Ranger 7 toma fotos de la Luna.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1965. Arno penzias y Robert Wilson captan accidentalmente una radiación cósmica de microondas, que evidencia el &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/06/big-bang.html"&gt;Big Bang&lt;/a&gt;. El cosmonauta Alexey A. Leonov camina por el espacio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia.html"&gt;mitos de la ciencia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2101042718219215092?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2101042718219215092/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2101042718219215092' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2101042718219215092'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2101042718219215092'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/ciencia-1961-1965.html' title='Ciencia 1961-1965'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6698056427882530536</id><published>2009-11-01T13:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-01T13:33:11.168-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vasos linfaticos'/><title type='text'>Vasos linfaticos</title><content type='html'>Veremos unos estudios sobre los vasos linfaticos, fechados del año 1653 aproximadamente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Las arterias y las venas ya eran conocidas por los griegos. En 1653, el naturalista sueco Olof Rudbeck (1630-1702) efectuó unos experimentos con un perro demostrando la existencia de los vasos linfáticos que, según sus observaciones, se parecían a las venas pero tenían paredes más delgadas. Advirtió además, que estos vasos transportaban la parte más clara y acuosa de la sangre, la linfa. La linfa drena los tejidos y el espacio intercelular, y circula por los vasos linfáticos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/circulacion-de-la-sangre.html"&gt;Circulacion de la sangre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6698056427882530536?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6698056427882530536/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6698056427882530536' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6698056427882530536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6698056427882530536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/vasos-linfaticos.html' title='Vasos linfaticos'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-103019766493488183</id><published>2009-11-01T13:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-01T13:22:51.221-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>Historia 884-587</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En historia 884-587 antes de nuestra era, seguimos recopilando cronológicamente la historia universal destacando los sucesos cumbre desde nuestra óptica, como lo veníamos haciendo en &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-1552-1000.html"&gt;historia 1552-1000&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Año- Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;884. Asurnasirpal impulsa poderosamente el imperio asirio. (Relacionado: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/09/reinado-de-omr-omriamri-o-amr.html"&gt;reinado de Omrí&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;814. Mercaderes fenicios fundan Cartago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;800. Los griegos adoptan y mejoran el alfabeto fenicio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;776. Se celebran los primeros juegos olímpicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;753. Fundación de Roma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 750. Florece la cultura etrusca. Esplendor del imperio de los Tartesos en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;734. Los griegos fundan Siracusa, en Sicilia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;722. El rey asirio Sargón II conquista Israel. (Relacionado: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/09/cada-de-samariasamarie-samara.html"&gt;Caída de Samaria&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;705. Ninive, nueva capital de Asiria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;700. Esparta adopta una constitución.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;681. Los asirios conquistan egipto. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/senaqueribsennacheribsanchribsenaquerib.html"&gt;Senaquerib&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;639. Destrucción del imperio elamita por los asirios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;631. Colonos griegos fundan Cirene.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;608. Destrucción del imperio asirio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;605. Batalla de karkemmish. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/historia-del-medio-orientemiddle-east.html"&gt;historia medio oriente&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;594. Constitución de Solón en Atenas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;587. Los judios son deportados a Babilonia. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/cautividad-en-babiloniababyloniababylon.html"&gt;Cautividad en Babilonia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este ha sido entonces un resumen de la historia 884-587 aC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-103019766493488183?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/103019766493488183/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=103019766493488183' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/103019766493488183'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/103019766493488183'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/11/historia-884-587.html' title='Historia 884-587'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-873541622942565832</id><published>2009-10-30T09:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T09:18:33.946-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>historia 1552- 1000</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En historia 1552-1000, seguiremos la ruta que dejamos pendiente en &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-2200-1600.html"&gt;historia 2200-1600&lt;/a&gt;, destacando hechos cumbre en la historia universal antes de nuestra era:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Año- Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1552. Comienza en Egipto el Imperio Nuevo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1468. Tutmosis III hace de Egipto una gran potencia. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/08/el-linaje-de-abraham-3.html"&gt;Isaac Tutmosis III&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1425. Destrucción de los palacios de Cnosos, Mallia y Festos, en Creta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1400. Esplendor de la cultura micénica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1300. Un terremoto destruye la ciudad de &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/troyatroytroia.html"&gt;Troya&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/la-troya-homrica-homeric-troy.html"&gt;Troya homérica&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1200. Las islas Baleares desarrollan una arquitectura megalítica propia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1116. &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/09/tiglath-pileser-tiglat-pilser.html"&gt;Tiglatpileser I&lt;/a&gt; hace de Asiria una gran nación.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1100. Los fenicios fundan Cadiz en la peninsula Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1070. Tercer periodo intermedio en Egipto. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/09/historia-de-israel-y-egipto1170-1075-ac.html"&gt;Israel y Egipto 1100-1075&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1000. Los fenicios desarrollan el alfabeto.(&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/09/historia-de-israel-1050-1005-ac.html"&gt;Historia de Israel 1050-1005&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este ha sido el resumen cronológico de la historia universal entre 1552 y el año 1000 antes de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-873541622942565832?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/873541622942565832/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=873541622942565832' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/873541622942565832'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/873541622942565832'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-1552-1000.html' title='historia 1552- 1000'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3010895718672530298</id><published>2009-10-30T08:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T08:29:01.158-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia universal'/><title type='text'>HISTORIA 2200- 1600</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historia 2200-1600&lt;/strong&gt; antes de nuestra era, recopilará cronológicamente los hechos más destacados de la historia universal antigua, cual empezamos a hacerlo en &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-3500-1425.html"&gt;historia 3500-2250&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Año- Acontecimientos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 2200. La pintura esquemática hace su aparición en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 2134. Primer periodo intermedio en Egipto. (&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/periodo-intermedio-el-job-egipcio.html"&gt;Job egipcio&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 2080. Esplendor de la ciudad sumeria de Lagash durante el gobierno del rey-sacerdote Gudea. (&lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2007/08/urnammu.html"&gt;Urnammu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 2040. Se inicia el Imperio medio en Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1900. Cultura del vaso campaniforme en la península Ibérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1686. El rey Hammurabi promulga un código jurídico y legislativo.(&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/08/legislacion-judia-y-codigo-de-hammurabi.html"&gt;Legislación Judía y Código de Hammurabi&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1650. Los hicsos invaden Egipto.(&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/08/historia-de-egipto-1785-1500-ac.html"&gt;Egipto 1785-1500 ac&lt;/a&gt;). Segundo periodo intermedio en Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;h. 1600. Los hititas penetran en Anatolia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este ha sido un resumen de la historia antigua desde 2200 hasta 1600 antes de nuestra era.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3010895718672530298?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3010895718672530298/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3010895718672530298' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3010895718672530298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3010895718672530298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-2200-1600.html' title='HISTORIA 2200- 1600'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6941721551930627021</id><published>2009-10-27T05:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-06T17:59:43.884-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='circulacion sangre'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fisiologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sangre'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='circulacion'/><title type='text'>circulacion de la sangre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/08/hipocrates.html"&gt;Hipocrates&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href="http://pcweb.info/aristoteles/"&gt;Aristoteles&lt;/a&gt; afirmaban que el corazón era el origen de la sangre, de los vasos sanguíneos y de una especie de calor que le permitía latir. Posteriormente, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/08/galeno.html"&gt;Galeno&lt;/a&gt; demostró que el ventrículo izquierdo contenía sangre y formuló la hipótesis según la cual el corazón estaba constituido por una única bomba. En 1242 el médico árabe Ibn-an Nafis (1205-1288) afirmó que el ventrículo derecho y el izquierdo estaban totalmente separados, y demostró que el ventrículo izquierdo bombeaba la sangre hacia el exterior que luego era transportada al resto del cuerpo. Esto demostraba la existencia de una doble bomba y preuponía que la sangre pasaba del ventrículo derecho al izquierdo, atravesando los pulmones. Sin embargo, esta teoría se olvidó muy pronto. En 1553, el médico español Miguel Servet (1511-1553) describió el circuito menor de la circulación, pero su trabajo fue interrumpido y mantenido en secreto debido a divergencias teológicas con &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/10/juan-calvino.html"&gt;Calvino&lt;/a&gt; que, en últimas lo llevaría&amp;nbsp; la tumba, condenado a la hoguera. El anatomista italiano Realdo Colombo (1520-1560) siguió elmismo camino de servet, dedicándose al estudio del pequeño circuito de la circulación, y en 1559 mostró su trabajo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;William Harvey (1578-1657) estudió minuciosamente el corazón, observando que cada lado de este órgano presentaba unas válvulas que permitían la entrada de sangre en cada uno de los ventrículos y que la obligaban a salir solamente a través de las arterias. Harvey experimentó con animales observando que efectivamente la sangre salía del corazón por las arterias y regresaba por las venas al corazón.&amp;nbsp;En 1628 publicóun libro titulado "De motu cordias et sanguinis" (Del movimiento del corazón y de la sangre), donde ilustró su hallazgo. La sangre entonces deja el ventrículo derecho, atraviesa los pulmones y vuelve al ventrículo izquierdo, luego abandona dicho ventrículo, recorre todo el cuerpo y vuelve al ventrículo derecho para recomenzar el círculo. Es el inicio de la fisiología moderna.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/sistema-venoso.html"&gt;sistema venoso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6941721551930627021?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6941721551930627021/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6941721551930627021' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6941721551930627021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6941721551930627021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/circulacion-de-la-sangre.html' title='circulacion de la sangre'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6390953773338787334</id><published>2009-10-26T12:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-26T12:08:46.246-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='atun aleta azul'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='atun'/><title type='text'>el Atun azul</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El &lt;strong&gt;atun de aleta azul&lt;/strong&gt; es lo más delicioso que he probado del mar. Pues bien, este, el pez más caro del mar, una poderosa máquina de nadar, que posee cantidades complejas de capilares sanguíneos y conserva eficientemente su calor corporal. Es cuando eleva la temperatura de sus músculos que aumentan las contracciones musculares y se desplaza más rápido. Alcanza fácilmente los 30 kms por hora y no es raro que a los 3 años pese más de 40 libras y a los 8 años, cuando alcanza su madurez sexual, pesa en promedio 140 kilos y llega a medir hasta 2 metros de largo.&lt;br /&gt;La expectativa de vida del &lt;strong&gt;atun de aleta&amp;nbsp;azul &lt;/strong&gt;es de 30 años, cuando puede medir más de tres metros de largo y 700 kilos de peso.&lt;br /&gt;Destaquemos sus características que lo hacen tan excelente nadador:&lt;br /&gt;Los peces normalmente repiran abriendo el maxilar y obligando a salir el agua por las agallas. El atun de aleta azul tiene el cráneo rígido y mantiene la boca abierta para que el agua sea expulsada por las branquias&amp;nbsp;, ya que , como los tiburones, si nadan muy despacio, se ahogan.&lt;br /&gt;El atun aleta azul tienen grandes agallas, 10 veces mayores que las de otras especies similares; su ritmo cardiaco es variable como el de la mayoría de los peces; su forma de lágrima genera poca resistencia; su fuerza motriz no radica en el arqueo de su cuerpo como en los otros peces, no...sus músculos canalizan la fuerza por medio de los tendones hacia la cola, haciendola moverse hacia atrás y hacia adelante...Y por último, gracias a su cola de luna o cuarto creciente, genera un empuje al moverla de un lado a otro, cual hacen los pájaros con sus alas.&lt;br /&gt;El atun de aleta azul, un animal no solo hermoso sino escaso.&lt;br /&gt;leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia.html"&gt;mitos de la ciencia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6390953773338787334?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6390953773338787334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6390953773338787334' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6390953773338787334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6390953773338787334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/el-atun-azul.html' title='el Atun azul'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3676814445405704975</id><published>2009-10-16T15:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-16T16:01:19.402-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3500'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Egipto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='2250'/><title type='text'>Historia 3500-2250</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Vamos a recopilar la historia del mundo cronológicamente desde el 3500 y hasta el 2250 antes de nuestra era, destacando hechos cumbre de estas civilizaciones:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="" id="n51q" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;Año&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;Acontecimientos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 3500&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;La civilización sumeria desarrolla la escritura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2008/04/sumerios-y-acadios.html" id="m1y6" title="Sumerios y acadios"&gt;Sumerios y acadios&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 3100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2007/08/menes.html" id="i3qq" title="Menes"&gt;Menes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;funda el reino de Egipto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/escuela-teolgica-menfita.html" id="lopx" title="Escuela teológica menfita"&gt;Escuela teológica menfita&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 3000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;Aparece la escritura jeroglífica en Egipto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 2640&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;Comienza en Egipto el Imperio antiguo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 2600&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;El faraón Zoser construye una pirámide escalonada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/08/el-linaje-de-abraham-5.html" id="w426" title="Las 12 tribus"&gt;Las 12 tribus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 2471&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;El faraón Mikerinos hace erigir una pirámide junto a la de Keops y Kefrén, en Gizeh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/escuela-teolgica-heliopolitana-siglos.html" id="nxy2" title="Escuela teológica heliopolitana"&gt;Escuela teológica heliopolitana&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 2350&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2007/08/sargn-de-agad-el-viejo.html" id="g-f9" title="Sargón I"&gt;Sargón I&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;funda el imperio de Acad&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;h 2250&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="50%"&gt;Naram-sin, nieto de Sargón, reina en Acad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3676814445405704975?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3676814445405704975/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3676814445405704975' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3676814445405704975'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3676814445405704975'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/historia-3500-1425.html' title='Historia 3500-2250'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3804589408321275401</id><published>2009-10-15T13:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-15T13:54:41.315-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='India'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='medicina'/><title type='text'>Medicina India</title><content type='html'>En medicina India vamos a hablar de la medicina en el pais de la India hacia 1620.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El mercader italiano Cesare Guasti (h 1570-1625) recopiló en la India unos tratados de medicina traducidos al chino por un embajador del imperio chino en la corte hindú de los mongoles. De ellos se deduce que los conocimientos anatomicos hindúes no eran muy precisos, ya que su religión prohibía la disección completa de los cadáveres. Los hindúes sostenian que el cuerpo contenía 3 sustancias elementales (flema, espíritu y bilis) y que la salud del hombre dependía del equilibrio de dichas sustancias. Sin embargo, se conocían muchas patologías y el diagnóstico del médico tenía importancia crucial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La medician India era tanto preventiva como curativa, tenía unas escrupulosas normas higiénicas y empleaba productos de origen vegetal. Su cirugía era muy avanzada; se extirpaban los tumores, se practicaba la cesárea y se curaban las fracturas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3804589408321275401?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3804589408321275401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3804589408321275401' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3804589408321275401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3804589408321275401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/medicina-india.html' title='Medicina India'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7471596856238848895</id><published>2009-10-13T09:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-13T09:42:47.172-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='metabolismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='medicina'/><title type='text'>Metabolismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Los primeros estudios sobre el metabolismo son atribuibles al físico italiano Santorio Santorio (1561-1636), quien en 1614 facilitó una serie de experimentos llevados a cabo en sí mismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Santorio habia fabricado una compleja máquina de pesar sobre la cual se sentaba mientras comía, bebía y eliminaba sus excrementos. Una de sus deducciones fue que cada vez que evacuaba su esfinter anal, en realidad perdía mucho más peso del que pensaba y atribuyó este fenómeno a la "transpiración insensible", una transporación que se evaporaba a la misma velocidad con la que se producía, hasta tal punto que ni se notaba. Este experimento representó el comienzo de los estudios sobre el metabolismo, es decir, el conjunto de los procesos quimicos a través de los cuales el organismo desarrolla su actividad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7471596856238848895?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7471596856238848895/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7471596856238848895' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7471596856238848895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7471596856238848895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/metabolismo.html' title='Metabolismo'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7838006671594371876</id><published>2009-10-13T09:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-13T09:31:36.948-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='medicina'/><title type='text'>Sistema venoso</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A&amp;nbsp;partir de la época en que &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/08/galeno.html"&gt;Galeno&lt;/a&gt; realizó sus estudios de anatomía humana, el convencimiento clásico de la medicina era que la sangre se producía en el hígado y que luego era transportada hasta el corazón; de ahí, las arterias y las venas la impulsaban hacia el exterior, para que la utilizaran los tejidos. En 1603, Girolamo Fabrizi d' Acquapendente (1537-1619), un médico italiano que estaba realizando sus estudios sobre las extremidades inferiores, observó que algunos vasos presentaban unas pequeñas válvulas que impedían el flujo de la sangre hacia abajo. Esto significaba que la sangre de las venas de las piernas podía moverse solo hacia arriba, o sea hacia el corazón. Sin embargo el invesigador no tuvo el coraje de&amp;nbsp; refutar a Galeno oficialmente y todo se quedó en rumores e indicios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7838006671594371876?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7838006671594371876/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7838006671594371876' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7838006671594371876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7838006671594371876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/sistema-venoso.html' title='Sistema venoso'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3706801532070363145</id><published>2009-10-08T03:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-17T15:07:06.999-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Terranova'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Leif Ericsson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='descubrimiento de America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Groenlandia'/><title type='text'>Leif Ericsson y descubrimiento de America</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Si uno cree en las sagas de Islandia, el primer europeo en descubrir America, no fue &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/cristbal-coln-christopher-columbus.html"&gt;Cristobal Colon&lt;/a&gt; ni mucho menos Leif Ericsson. Se trata de Biarni Heriulfson, un comerciante que cruzaba regularmente el mar Atlántico entre Noruega y su casa en Islandia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el verano del 985 marchó a Noruega a pasar el invierno con su padre; este último había acabado de llegar de Groenlandia, una tierra recién descubierta por Erik el Rojo. Biarni saldría tras él, puesto que no llegaba pero, en el camino&amp;nbsp;se exravió y encontró una tierra nueva, América.&amp;nbsp;No obstante estas nuevas tierras no despertaron en él ningún aliciente y cuando reeencontró el rumbo y halló Groenlandia y a su padre, no volvió a aventurarse.Ahora bien, Groenlandia era todo lo que usted quiera menos verde (Greenland). No obstante un hijo de Erik, Leif Ericsson, compró un buque y marchó hacia estas nuevas tierras y las llamó vinland, viviendo en ellas durante un año antes de regresarse a Groenlandia. Otras expediciones nórdicas seguirían a esta, entre ellas la de un hermano de Leif, Thorvald, quien pasaría el invierno de los años 1004-1005 en America, siendo asesinado por los "Skrellings", término que muchos asocian a los esquimales e inclusive indios. Otros hermanos de Leif seguirían intentando colonizar estas tierras pero fracasarían.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para muchos , lo anterior es historia; para otros, tan solo literatura medieval, fantástica. Pero como la &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/ciencia.html"&gt;ciencia&lt;/a&gt; se hace reuniendo pruebas, veamos que se pudo hacer al respecto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por allá en 1837 la Real Sociedad Danesa de Anticuarios publicó los textos de la saga original, incluyendo en dicho libro, la correspondencia entre el editor del libro, el señor Carl Rafn con norteamericanos, que cuentan haber hallado ruinas e inscripciones en piedra a lo largo de la costa este de los &lt;a href="http://estadosunidos-1.blogspot.com/"&gt;Estados Unidos &lt;/a&gt;y, alegan ser de origen nórdico. Pero Rafn jamás estuvo en America, ni verificó las "pruebas" de alguna forma creible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entre las evidencias a revisar estaba la torre de NewPort, Rhode Island, una construcción de estilo medieval, semejante a las casas del siglo XI en Francia o Noruega. Pero lo extraño es que los primeros europeos en arribar a estos parajes no notaron este parecido ni lo mencionaron en sus escritos. La primera mención de la torre se hace en 1677 por cuenta de Benedict Arnold, a quien la posteridad le atribuye además la construcción de la misma posiblemente en 1675.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El proximo gran descubrimiento en ese sentido fue la piedra de Kensington, en la granja de Olof Ohman en Minessota, con inscripciones hechas en un alfabeto escandinavo de la edad media, fechada de 1362 y contando de una expedición de suecos y noruegos partiendo desde Vinland hacia el oeste.Pero no se pudo comprobar la antiguedad ni la validez de dichas inscripciones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para el año de 1950 el&amp;nbsp;explorador noruego Helge Ingstad, asumió el reto de encontrar las pruebas de rigor para verificar la validez del descubrimiento nórdico&amp;nbsp;de America. Según él, Vinland solo podía ser el norte de Terranova. Para el año de 1960 halló un asentamiento vikingo en L’Anse aux Meadows, cerca de la bahía de Epaves en el norte de Terranova, demostrando que efectivamente los vikingos de Groenlandia habia encontrado una ruta através del Océano Atántico hacia América del Norte, muchos años antes de Colón. Eso estaba bien. Pero el nombre Vinland (Vinlandia, pais de&amp;nbsp;las vides o de las viñas)&amp;nbsp;no encajaba, dada su alusión a las uvas silvestres que no existían en Terranova en ese tiempo. Ingstad intentó solucionar este impase aduciendo que tal vez los escritores de la saga&amp;nbsp; habían confundido las bayas silvestres con las uvas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero quienes no están convencidos de esta explicación, hallan extrañas coincidencias entre esta saga de Thorfin Karlsefni y la Navigatio Sancti Brandani, como una versión libre de la misma. Misterios de la historia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/brendan-descubre-america.html"&gt;Brendan descubre America&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/10/pobladores-de-america.html"&gt;pobladores de America&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/07/vikingos-y-america.html"&gt;Vikingos y America&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/descubrimiento-de-americaclaves.html"&gt;descubrimiento de America&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3706801532070363145?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3706801532070363145/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3706801532070363145' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3706801532070363145'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3706801532070363145'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/leif-ericsson-y-descubrimiento-de.html' title='Leif Ericsson y descubrimiento de America'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-877703432038352889</id><published>2009-10-04T15:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-17T15:04:13.802-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vaqueros'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estados Unidos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ganado'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cowboys'/><title type='text'>Cowboys</title><content type='html'>Los &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;cowboys&lt;/span&gt; o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;vaqueros&lt;/span&gt;, es el tema de este post.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Después de la guerra civil americana (1861-1865), los estados situados al oeste del rio Mississippi experimentaron un gran auge en el negocio del ganado.&lt;br /&gt;Los &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;cowboys&lt;/span&gt; o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;vaqueros&lt;/span&gt; fueron contratados para cuidar el ganado y guiarlo en busca de mejores pastizales, siendo su edad dorada entre 1870 y 1880, incorporándose como un elemento del floclore del Oeste americano. Aun cuando el trabajo de cuidar ganado no era nuevo, llamaba la atención de las personas como un medio romántico y casi heróico de ganarse la vida.&lt;br /&gt;Las primeras cabezas de ganado fueron descargadas en America durante el tiempo del explorador español, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/06/hernn-corts.html"&gt;Hernan Cortés&lt;/a&gt; (1485- 1547), específicamente cuando la conquista de Mexico en 1519. Ese es el origen real de los cowboys, esa tradición que se especializaría en el cuidado del ganado a campo abierto. Luego vendrían los prototipos de vestimenta: un sombrero de fieltro de ala ancha para guarnecer la cara del vaquero y, en las noches, doblado, servir de cabecera al cansado cowboy; un pañuelo para proteger la nariz y la boca de los escombros y el polvo, unos pantalones anchos y postizos de cuero, para guarnecer de las espinas y los cactus; botas con espuelas, sillas de montar y lazos, corresponden en nuestro imaginario a la percepción de los vaqueros.&lt;br /&gt;Pero por lo general los cowboys eran en realidad unos jornaleros con largas jornadas laborales; casi nunca poseían tierras ni ganado y, era prototípico decir que sus únicas posesiones eran sus artes, la silla y el caballo. No faltan los filmes&amp;nbsp; del oeste que hagan el estereotipo del vaquero analfabeta y anárquico, además.&lt;br /&gt;Pese a ello es justo decir que el vaquero idealizado por la leyenda, desapareció de los &lt;a href="http://estadosunidos-1.blogspot.com/"&gt;Estados unidos &lt;/a&gt;por allá en 1890. A partir de ahí el pastaje del ganado se limitaba a los respectivos ranchos y su desplazamiento hacia los mercados, empezaba a hacerse de otras formas.&lt;br /&gt;Los vaqueros o cowboys actuales disfrutan de una cama blanda cada noche, de un vehículo motorizado para sus desplazamientos frecuentes y de comida caliente hecha en el rancho.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-877703432038352889?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/877703432038352889/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=877703432038352889' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/877703432038352889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/877703432038352889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/cowboys.html' title='Cowboys'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3606381841279915302</id><published>2009-10-03T07:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-03T07:20:12.057-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Historia de america'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='descubrimiento de America'/><title type='text'>Brendan descubre America</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;En St.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Brendan&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;b&gt;San Barandán&lt;/b&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;descubre America&lt;/b&gt;, veremos las andanzas de este religoso y sus nexos con la tradición sobre el&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/descubrimiento-de-americaclaves.html" id="nyy3" title="descubrimiento de America"&gt;descubrimiento de America&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Se encontraba St. Brendan en un monasterio de Irlanda cuando un abad visitante le habló de su viaje a través del océano a la "Tierra prometida de los santos". Brendan decició verla por sí mismo.De esa forma, un día del siglo VI, Brendan y 17 monjes parten en un bote de madera recubierto con pieles de buey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sus aventuras fueron maravillosas.Por ejemplo llegaron a islas de ovejas blancas gigantes y a otra cubierta por el canto de los pájaros, que abundaban tanto que le impedían caminar (me imagino el estruendo piar de las aves). Otra de las islas era de solo piedras, otra de bosques espesos; otra que denominó isla de las corrientes; una más pletórica de viñasY muchas otras narraciones fantásticas, que incluían gran variedad de árboles y frutos extraños para sus paladares. Finalmente, después de siete años, cansados al no hallar la famosa tierra prometida de los santos, regresaron a Irlanda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Esta historia la cuenta un manuscrito en latín, de autor anónimo, Navigatio Brendani Sancti Abbatis.Según otras fuentes, Navigatio Sanctis Brandani, que se conserva en la biblioteca vaticana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Se especula que gente que leyó el navigatio, volvió a estos mismos parajes por el año 800 de nuestra era, por lo menos 100 años después de la muerte de Brendan.Esta narración fue tremendamente popular durante la edad media, sobre todo porque mezclaba a la perfección el romance marítimo y la teología cristiana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ahora bien, los estudiosos actuales ven al navigatio como un obra de literatura mas no de historia. Según ciertas tendencias, Brendan tiene más símiles con el rey arturo o con Ulises que con un personaje real. Y algunos se atreven a ubicar el manuscrito dentro de la literatura irlandesa temprana o imrama, con la característica global de contar historias fantásticas en el mar. Pero hay una diferencia significativa entre el navigatio y las otras obras del imrama: el navigatio provee de direcciones de navegación y descripciones detalladas de los destinos visitados por los monjes.Aplicando las instrucciones derivadas del manuscrito, algunos intelectuales sugieren que St. Berdan y sus monjes visitaron a America del Norte.Si esto fue así, Brendan descubrió a America unos mil años antes que Colón.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Entre quienes defienden esta postura están Geoffrey Ashey, un historiador medieval famoso en los años 60 y, el &amp;nbsp;aviador experto en volar el Atlántico Norte (durante los años 70), Paul Chapman.Se dice, por ejemplo, que las islas mencionadas al comienzo de este post, corresponden a las islas Feroes, un archipiélago entre Escocia e Irlanda. ¡Claro! Las ovejas que alli existen no son gigantes ni los pájaros cantan himnos como se infiere del manuscrito, pero hay cantidades de estos ejemplares. Y así sucesivamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Según el navigatio, después de haberse instalado temporalmente encima de una isla móvil (suponemos que era una ballena), vagaron encima de ella durante unos 20 días, hasta cuando fueron lanzados a la deriva durante otros 40 días, antes de llegar a una isla arbolada.Chapman supone que llegaron a las boscosas Barbados. Las frutas exóticas debieron ser posiblemente pomelos oriundos del caribe y el paisaje pintoresco, obviamente el de las Indias occidentales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;El asunto se complica aun mas cuando conocemos de tres manuscritos que parecen confirmar esta hipótesis, la de la llegada precia al continente americano por cuenta de los irlandeses, aunque la procedencia de estos textos es de Islandia. Son famosas sagas como la saga de Thorfin Karlsefni que algunos asumen como una traducción "enriquecida" de la navigatio. Y que no decir de la saga de Erik el rojo y de Leif Ericksson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;En la Saga de Erik el Rojo, los vikingos llegaron a América, capturaron a algunos nativos, y les enseñaron su idioma. Los nativos le dijo a los nórdicos que habitantes de un país cuyo pueblo llevaba &amp;nbsp;vestidos blancos y marcharon con palos con un trapo en ellos. Para los nórdicos que escucharon esta historia, según la leyenda, esto sonaba muy parecido a una procesión de monjes irlandeses.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;No resulta descabellado suponer que&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/05/cristbal-coln-christopher-columbus.html" id="mig5" title="Cristobal Colón"&gt;Cristobal Colón&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;conociera estos manuscritos y tradiciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;Leer tambien:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/10/pobladores-de-america.html" id="ocp5" title="Pobladores de America"&gt;Pobladores de America&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/07/vikingos-y-america.html" id="krff" title="Vikingos y America"&gt;Vikingos y America&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3606381841279915302?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3606381841279915302/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3606381841279915302' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3606381841279915302'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3606381841279915302'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/brendan-descubre-america.html' title='Brendan descubre America'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-86944321390521319</id><published>2009-10-03T04:39:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-17T15:03:19.178-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='continentes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ártico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='focas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Antartida'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ballenas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='terra australis'/><title type='text'>Antartida</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La &lt;strong&gt;Antartida&lt;/strong&gt; es el tema de nuestros desvelos para hoy.&lt;br /&gt;Es la &lt;strong&gt;Antártida&lt;/strong&gt; el quinto continente más grande de la tierra, con una superficie total de 14,2 millones de kilómetros cuadrados y, se encuentra prácticamente cubierto de hielo todo el año.Su capa de hielo continental tiene unos 29 millones de kilómetros cúbicos, lo que representa cerca del 90% del total del hielo del mundo, siendo su espesor promedio, de unos 2,45 kms.&lt;br /&gt;Situada casi en forma concéntrica alrededor del polo sur, la antártida (cuyo nombre traduce, "Opuesto al Ártico") y sería casi circular su forma, de no ser por la península Antártica, que llega hasta unos 970 kilometros de distancia del extremo sur de Suramérica y, por dos ensenadas principales, el mar de Ross y el mar de Weddel. Se trata de un mundo de hielo donde la temperatura máxima registrada, no ha superado los 59 ° Fahrenheit, y la más baja hasta el momento( 21 de julio 1983) ha sido de -129 ° F. A pesar de la presencia de la pequeñas estaciones de investigación, la Antártida está oficialmente deshabitada.Pero, ¿fue siempre así?. Ya desarrollaremos este ítem más adelante. Se dice que el mar que rodea a la Antártida es tan rico en vida como carente de la misma es el continente.Pero ya pasó el auge de la caza de ballenas que era la base económica del pasado. Ahora las exportaciones de la Antártida, son las investigaciones científicas que intentan comprender el medio ambiente mundial. Afortunadamente ya pasó el tiempo en que los países se disputaban el control territorial por ambiciones nacionalistas; ahora priman las actividades cientificas no militares.&lt;br /&gt;Fue descubierto en 1820 cuando los aventureros pretendían hallar grandes bancos de focas para su explotación.&lt;br /&gt;El asunto es motivo de debates y discusiones nacionalistas todavía. Tres expedicionarios se disputan tal honor: El líder de la expedición rusa, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, el inglés Edward Bransfield, y el estadounidense Nathaniel Palmer.Pero no vamos a ahondar en controversias.&lt;br /&gt;Pero ya desde el año 650 de nuestra era, los geógrafos europeos de la edad media empezaron a conjeturar la existencia de la Terra Australis; los maoríes tambien tenían una leyenda que menciona al mar congelado y tribus yendo y viniendo... y así sucesivamente. Solo hasta cuando James Cook, entre 1772-1775 daba la vuelta al mundo y avistó grandes témpanos de hielo, se pudo suponer que podría existir este continente, más allá de los 60 o 70 grados al sur. Pero hay misterios sin resolver.&lt;br /&gt;En 1959, mientras realizaba una investigación en la Biblioteca del Congreso de los &lt;a href="http://estadosunidos-1.blogspot.com/"&gt;Estados Unidos&lt;/a&gt;, el profesor Charles Hapgood (Keene College, New Hampshire), descubrió un mapa dibujado por Orontheus Phynius en 1531, donde se aprecian ríos y montañas pero sin la impronta de los glaciares. Un mapa similar sin hielo fue publicado en 1737 por Philippe Boiche, miembro de la Academia Francesa de ciencias.De hecho, el mapa publicado por Boiche, muestra al continente austral como dos grandes cuerpos de tierra divididos por agua en la misma región donde están las montañas Transantárticas actuales. Y no es tan descabellado, porque en 1958 se descubrió que la Antártida es en efecto un archipiélago de islas de hielo de gran tamaño. Y sin embargo resulta sospechoso que cartógrafos del siglo 16 y 19 muestren una &lt;strong&gt;Antártida&lt;/strong&gt; distinta, posiblemente hasta poblada.&lt;br /&gt;Misterios de la &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/01/historia.html"&gt;historia&lt;/a&gt; y de la civilización.&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/08/preservacion-de-la-capa-de-ozono.html"&gt;Preservación de la capa de ozono&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-86944321390521319?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/86944321390521319/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=86944321390521319' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/86944321390521319'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/86944321390521319'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/10/antartida.html' title='Antartida'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-273545647697624337</id><published>2009-09-27T04:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:14:59.727-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estados Unidos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maine'/><title type='text'>Maine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Por &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;historia, history&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;El &lt;b&gt;Maine&lt;/b&gt; ingresó a la Unión americana como el vigésimo tercer estado, el 15 de marzo de 1820.&lt;br /&gt;Ubicado en la esquina del extremo noreste de los Estados Unidos, &lt;b&gt;Maine&lt;/b&gt; es el estado más meridional y ocupa el trigésimo noveno lugar entre los cincuenta.&lt;br /&gt;Limita con el Canadá, New Hampshire y el Océano Atlántico.&lt;br /&gt;Ya en 1600 las expediciones inglesas comenzaron a llegar al golfo de &lt;b&gt;Maine&lt;/b&gt;. Durante los siguientes 30 años hubo asentamientos ingleses a lo largo de la costa y de sus islas.&lt;br /&gt;Maine se convirtió en Distrito de Massachusetts en 1691.&lt;br /&gt;Durante los primeros cien años del establecimiento de lo que hoy es el estado de Maine, su economía se basó en la pesca, la agricultura y la silvicultura.&lt;br /&gt;Las fábricas textiles y de calzado se erigieron en Maine entre 1830 y 1860 ; pero fue la industria del papel la que lideró la industria de este estado, después de la guerra civil americana. (1861-1865). Hasta entonces el papel se había elaborado de trapo (tela), pero con el descubrimiento de la pulpa de madera para este proceso, Maine fue pionero en su fabricación y lo sigue siendo.&lt;br /&gt;Maine fue el hogar de más de 1,3 millones de personas en 2006. el 96,6 % de esta población es de raza blanca, el 0,8 % es nativo de Hawai o de las islas del pacífico y, el 0,7 % es afroamericano. El 30 % de sus pobladores está entre los 45 y 64 años.&lt;br /&gt;Al comienzo de su existencia y durante los 100 primeros años, Maine era un estado republicano (hablo a partir de 1850); eso cambió cuando votantes franceses del Canadá emigraron a su territorio, siendo actualmente un estado demócrata.&lt;br /&gt;La economía de &lt;b&gt;Maine&lt;/b&gt; depende en gran medida de sus recursos naturales, siendo su industria más grande, como ya lo mencionamos, la industria del papel y la generación de energía hidráulica.&lt;br /&gt;Otras industrias manufactureras allí desarrolladas son la del calzado, productos de madera, construcción naval y productos electrónicos.&lt;br /&gt;No hay equipos profesionales de deportes en &lt;b&gt;Maine&lt;/b&gt;, pero, millones de turistas llegan cada año, generalmente en julio, agosto y septiembre, a disfrutar de las playas, la caza , la vela y el esquí.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-273545647697624337?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/273545647697624337/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=273545647697624337' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/273545647697624337'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/273545647697624337'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/09/maine.html' title='Maine'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-687277029325392296</id><published>2009-09-04T03:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-04T03:34:15.162-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aswan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Amazonas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nasser'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nilo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='rios'/><title type='text'>Rios mas largos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Los rios más largos del mundo son el Amazonas y el Nilo, dependiendo cómo se mida, puede trocarse el orden. El amazonas tiene varias desembocaduras, por lo tanto no se sabe con certeza dónde termina. Si se tiene en cuenta el estuario de Pará (la desembocadura más distante), el Amazonas mide unos 6.750 km.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Por su parte, el Nilo tenía 6.670 km de longitud antes de perder algunas secciones de meandros debido a la formación del lago Nasser, detrás de la presa de Aswan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/09/mayor-planeta.html"&gt;mayor planeta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-687277029325392296?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/687277029325392296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=687277029325392296' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/687277029325392296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/687277029325392296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/09/rios-mas-largos.html' title='Rios mas largos'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-719051301826608855</id><published>2009-09-04T03:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-04T03:18:04.995-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='planeta'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistema solar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mayor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='diámetro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Júpiter'/><title type='text'>mayor planeta</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;El mayor planeta del sistema solar, tiene un diámetro ecuatorial de 142.984 kilómetros y un diámetro polar de 133.708 kilómetros. Júpiter es este planeta, siendo el mayor de los nueve planetas principales. Pero fuera de eso, tiene el periodo de rotación más corto, con días de 9 horas, 55 minutos y 29,69 segundos.&lt;br /&gt;Leer también: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/apollo-program.html"&gt;Apollo program&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-719051301826608855?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/719051301826608855/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=719051301826608855' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/719051301826608855'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/719051301826608855'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/09/mayor-planeta.html' title='mayor planeta'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4500791576674198639</id><published>2009-08-16T07:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:30:38.056-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frauenhofer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mp3'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cd'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='audio digital'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='audio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='audio mp3'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='musica'/><title type='text'>mp3</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;¿Qué es MP3?&lt;br /&gt;MP3 es un formato de audio digital que ha revolucionado el &lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2008/04/mercadomarket.html"&gt;mercado&lt;/a&gt; musical en todo el mundo. ¿Por qué?&lt;br /&gt;Por el tamaño de sus archivos y la calidad de ofrece. Hace no mucho tiempo, el estándar de audio para ordenadores era el WAV, que ofrece la misma calidad de sonido que un CD pero con una relación de aproximadamente 10 megas por cada minuto en la calidad más habitual –44 KHz y 16 bits–. Aquí es donde entra en acción el MP3, ya que es capaz de reducir 10 veces el fichero resultante (1 minuto por mega) manteniendo una calidad prácticamente idéntica para el oído de la mayor parte de usuarios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El MP3, cuyo nombre formal es MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3, nació de la mano de Brandenburg, Grill y Popp, tres científicos del alemán Instituto de Frauenhofer en 1987. Estos científicos idearon un algoritmo que comprimía el sonido sin perder apenas calidad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1992 la Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) aprobó oficialmente la tecnología, que consiguió el premio a la innovación tecnológica del Gobierno alemán “Future Prize” en 2000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El audio digital normalmente se crea tomando 16 dígitos binarios por cada segundo (16 bits/s) de señal analógica. Esta señal se codifica a 44,1 miles de ciclos por segundo (44,1 KHz), por lo que un segundo de música con calidad CD ocupa 1,4 millones de bits de datos. El gran logro del MP3 es que usa un algoritmo de compresión que elimina el sonido que el oído humano no percibe mediante tests subjetivos pero muy eficaces, reduciendo al mismo tiempo su tamaño.&lt;br /&gt;MP3 y piratería.&lt;br /&gt;El nacimiento del sistema de compresión de audio MP3 fue uno de los primeros y más trascendentales puntos de inflexión que acabaría convirtiendo la música digital en la peor pesadilla de la industria discográfica.&lt;br /&gt;Probablemente este estándar de facto sólo sea comparable con la irrupción de Napster y de ese fenómeno de intercambio de archivos digitales entre internautas que se ha dado en llamar Peer To Peer (p2p) –que ejemplifican Ares y Limewire, por ejemplo–.&lt;br /&gt;Ya en su momento la industria discográfica se percató de los peligros del recién nacido formato de audio y le buscó la caida infructuosamente, tras lo cual se dedicó a perseguir con saña a los archivos ilegales que circulaban (y circulan) por la Red.&lt;br /&gt;En la actualidad, es imposible cuantificar exactamente cuántos usuarios de ordenadores personales tienen instalado algún tipo de programa que reproduce MP3, legles e ilegales.&lt;br /&gt;Presuntamente, producir ficheros Mp3 a partir de discos adquiridos en las tiendas de musica y para consumo domestico no infringe ninguna ley como tampoco lo hace realizar una copia del mismo en casete para escucharlo en la radio del auto. Quienes atacan el sistema, creen que al mantenerse una calidad prácticamente idéntica se trata de una copia.&lt;br /&gt;MP3Pro, un paso adelante.&lt;br /&gt;El primer códec (programa codificador/decodificador) de este formato surgió el 14 de junio de 2001 de la mano de la sueca Coding Technologies y con la ayuda de una docena de desarrolladores del Instituto Fraunhofer. A pesar de esto, los derechos de explotación del nuevo sistema pertenecen a Thomson Multimedia, lo que lo convierte en un formato casi propietario.&lt;br /&gt;Técnicamente funciona casi igual que su hermano mayor, con la diferencia de que, al tener una mayor capacidad de compresión, se sitúa en la cima en cuanto al ratio calidad/tamaño. Así las cosas, MP3Pro consigue embutir 2 minutos de audio en un megabyte con una calidad similar a la de un disco compacto, mientras que un MP3 estándar (a 128 Kbps) se queda en poco más de 1 megabyte de información.&lt;br /&gt;Para conseguirlo separa las frecuencias altas y bajas, las bajas las codifica de la manera tradicional y con las altas emplea la nueva tecnología.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/01/informatica-1982-1999.html"&gt;Informatica 1982-1999&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/01/informatica-1982-1999.html"&gt;cd rom&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4500791576674198639?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4500791576674198639/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4500791576674198639' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4500791576674198639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4500791576674198639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/08/mp3.html' title='mp3'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8820876733289177412</id><published>2009-08-08T06:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:21:38.033-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peliculas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mejores actrices'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mejores'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='actriz'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pelis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='actrices de cine'/><title type='text'>Mejores actrices</title><content type='html'>Según la Academy Arwards, las mejores actrices (ganadoras de Oscars) han sido, para el periodo 1928-2007:&lt;br /&gt;1928 Janet Gaynor (El séptimo cielo, El ángel de la calle y Amanecer )&lt;br /&gt;1929 Mary Pickford (Coquette)&lt;br /&gt;1930 Norma Shearer (La Divorciada)&lt;br /&gt;1931 Marie Dressler (Min and Bill)&lt;br /&gt;1932 Helen Hayes (El pecado de Madelon Claudet)&lt;br /&gt;1933 Katharine Hepburn (Gloria de un dia)&lt;br /&gt;1934 Claudette Colbert (Sucedió una noche)&lt;br /&gt;1935 Bette Davis (Dangerous)&lt;br /&gt;1936 Luise Rainer (El gran Ziegfeld)&lt;br /&gt;1937 Luise Rainer (La buena tierra)&lt;br /&gt;1938 Bette Davis (Jezebel)&lt;br /&gt;1939 Vivien Leigh (&lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cinecolombia.pdf"&gt;Lo que el viento se llevó&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;1940 Ginger Rogers (Espejismo de amor).&lt;br /&gt;1941 Joan Fontaine (Sospecha)&lt;br /&gt;1942 Greer Garson (La señora Miniver)&lt;br /&gt;1943 Jennifer Jones (La canción de Bernadette)&lt;br /&gt;1944 Ingrid Bergman (La luz que agoniza)&lt;br /&gt;1945 Joan Crawford (Mildred Pierce)&lt;br /&gt;1946 Olivia de Havilland (To Each His Own)&lt;br /&gt;1947 Loretta Young (La hija del granjero)&lt;br /&gt;1948 Jane Wyman ( Belinda)&lt;br /&gt;1949 Olivia de Havilland (La heredera)&lt;br /&gt;1950 Judy Holliday (Nacida ayer)&lt;br /&gt;1951 Vivien Leigh (Un tranvía llamado deseo)&lt;br /&gt;1952 Shirley Booth (Come Back, Little Sheba)&lt;br /&gt;1953 Audrey Hepburn (Vacaciones en Roma)&lt;br /&gt;1954 Grace Kelly (La angustia de vivir)&lt;br /&gt;1955 Anna Magnani (La rosa tatuada)&lt;br /&gt;1956 Ingrid Bergman (Anastasia)&lt;br /&gt;1957 Joanne Woodward (Las tres caras de Eva)&lt;br /&gt;1958 Susan Hayward (Quiero vivir)&lt;br /&gt;1959 Simone Signoret (Un lugar en la cumbre)&lt;br /&gt;1960 Elizabeth Taylor (Butterfield 8)&lt;br /&gt;1961 Sophia Loren (Dos mujeres)&lt;br /&gt;1962 Anne Bancroft (El milagro de Ana Sullivan)&lt;br /&gt;1963 Patricia Neal (Hud)&lt;br /&gt;1964 Julie Andrews (Mary Poppins)&lt;br /&gt;1965 Julie Christie (Querida)&lt;br /&gt;1966 Elizabeth Taylor (¿Quien teme a Virginia Woolf?)&lt;br /&gt;1967 Katharine Hepburn (Adivina quien viene a cenar esta noche)&lt;br /&gt;1968 Katharine Hepburn (Leon en invierno);Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl) (tied)&lt;br /&gt;1969 Maggie Smith (Los mejores años de Miss Jean Brodie)&lt;br /&gt;1970 Glenda Jackson (Mujeres enamoradas)&lt;br /&gt;1971 Jane Fonda (Klute)&lt;br /&gt;1972 Liza Minnelli (Cabaret)&lt;br /&gt;1973 Glenda Jackson (Un toque de distinción)&lt;br /&gt;1974 Ellen Burstyn (Alicia ya no vive aquí)&lt;br /&gt;1975 Louise Fletcher (Atrapado sin salida)&lt;br /&gt;1976 Faye Dunaway (Network)&lt;br /&gt;1977 Diane Keaton (Annie Hall)&lt;br /&gt;1978 Jane Fonda (Regreso sin gloria)&lt;br /&gt;1979 Sally Field (Norma Rae)&lt;br /&gt;1980 Sissy Spacek (La hija del minero)&lt;br /&gt;1981 Katharine Hepburn (La laguna dorada)&lt;br /&gt;1982 Meryl Streep (La decisión de Sofia)&lt;br /&gt;1983 Shirley MacLaine (La fuerza del cariño)&lt;br /&gt;1984 Sally Field (En un lugar del corazón)&lt;br /&gt;1985 Geraldine Page (Regreso a Bountiful)&lt;br /&gt;1986 Marlee Matlin (Hijos de un dios menor)&lt;br /&gt;1987 Cher (Hechizo de luna)&lt;br /&gt;1988 Jodie Foster (Acusado)&lt;br /&gt;1989 Jessica Tandy (Conduciendo a Miss Daisy)&lt;br /&gt;1990 Kathy Bates (Miseria)&lt;br /&gt;1991 Jodie Foster (El silencio de los inocentes)&lt;br /&gt;1992 Emma Thompson (Regreso a Howards End)&lt;br /&gt;1993 Holly Hunter (El Piano)&lt;br /&gt;1994 Jessica Lange (Las cosas que nunca mueren)&lt;br /&gt;1995 Susan Sarandon (Pena de muerte)&lt;br /&gt;1996 Frances McDormand (Fargo)&lt;br /&gt;1997 Helen Hunt (Mejor...imposible)&lt;br /&gt;1998 Gwyneth Paltrow (Shakespeare enamorado)&lt;br /&gt;1999 Hilary Swank (Boys Don’t Cry)&lt;br /&gt;2000 Julia Roberts (Erin Brockovich)&lt;br /&gt;2001 Halle Berry (Monster’s Ball)&lt;br /&gt;2002 Nicole Kidman (Las horas)&lt;br /&gt;2003 Charlize Theron (Monster)&lt;br /&gt;2004 Hilary Swank (Million Dollar Baby)&lt;br /&gt;2005 Reese Witherspoon (En la cuerda floja)&lt;br /&gt;2006 Helen Mirren (La reina)&lt;br /&gt;2007 Marion Cotillard (La vida en Rosa).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fueron estas las mejores actrices según la entrega de los premios oscars.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/08/best-actress.html"&gt;best actress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8820876733289177412?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8820876733289177412/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8820876733289177412' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8820876733289177412'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8820876733289177412'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/08/mejores-actrices.html' title='Mejores actrices'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6286472894351115546</id><published>2009-08-01T08:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:16:26.835-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='academy award winners'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='oscar best actress'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='best actresses'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='best actress'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>BEST ACTRESS</title><content type='html'>Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best actress:&lt;br /&gt;1928 Janet Gaynor (7th Heaven; Street Angel;Sunrise)&lt;br /&gt;1929 Mary Pickford (Coquette)&lt;br /&gt;1930 Norma Shearer (The Divorcee)&lt;br /&gt;1931 Marie Dressler (Min and Bill)&lt;br /&gt;1932 Helen Hayes (The Sin of Madelon Claudet)&lt;br /&gt;1933 Katharine Hepburn (Morning Glory)&lt;br /&gt;1934 Claudette Colbert (It Happened One Night)&lt;br /&gt;1935 Bette Davis (Dangerous)&lt;br /&gt;1936 Luise Rainer (The Great Ziegfeld)&lt;br /&gt;1937 Luise Rainer (The Good Earth)&lt;br /&gt;1938 Bette Davis (Jezebel)&lt;br /&gt;1939 Vivien Leigh (Gone with the Wind)&lt;br /&gt;1940 Ginger Rogers (Kitty Foyle)&lt;br /&gt;1941 Joan Fontaine (Suspicion)&lt;br /&gt;1942 Greer Garson (Mrs. Miniver)&lt;br /&gt;1943 Jennifer Jones (The Song of Bernadette)&lt;br /&gt;1944 Ingrid Bergman (Gaslight)&lt;br /&gt;1945 Joan Crawford (Mildred Pierce)&lt;br /&gt;1946 Olivia de Havilland (To Each His Own)&lt;br /&gt;1947 Loretta Young (The Farmer’s Daughter)&lt;br /&gt;1948 Jane Wyman (Johnny Belinda)&lt;br /&gt;1949 Olivia de Havilland (The Heiress)&lt;br /&gt;1950 Judy Holliday (Born Yesterday)&lt;br /&gt;1951 Vivien Leigh (A Streetcar Named Desire)&lt;br /&gt;1952 Shirley Booth (Come Back, Little Sheba)&lt;br /&gt;1953 Audrey Hepburn (Roman Holiday)&lt;br /&gt;1954 Grace Kelly (The Country Girl)&lt;br /&gt;1955 Anna Magnani (The Rose Tattoo)&lt;br /&gt;1956 Ingrid Bergman (Anastasia)&lt;br /&gt;1957 Joanne Woodward (The Three Faces of Eve)&lt;br /&gt;1958 Susan Hayward (I Want to Live!)&lt;br /&gt;1959 Simone Signoret (Room at the Top)&lt;br /&gt;1960 Elizabeth Taylor (Butterfield 8)&lt;br /&gt;1961 Sophia Loren (Two Women)&lt;br /&gt;1962 Anne Bancroft (The Miracle Worker)&lt;br /&gt;1963 Patricia Neal (Hud)&lt;br /&gt;1964 Julie Andrews (Mary Poppins)&lt;br /&gt;1965 Julie Christie (Darling)&lt;br /&gt;1966 Elizabeth Taylor (Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?)&lt;br /&gt;1967 Katharine Hepburn (Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner)&lt;br /&gt;1968 Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter);&lt;br /&gt;Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl) (tied)&lt;br /&gt;1969 Maggie Smith (The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie)&lt;br /&gt;1970 Glenda Jackson (Women in Love)&lt;br /&gt;1971 Jane Fonda (Klute)&lt;br /&gt;1972 Liza Minnelli (Cabaret)&lt;br /&gt;1973 Glenda Jackson (A Touch of Class)&lt;br /&gt;1974 Ellen Burstyn (Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore)&lt;br /&gt;1975 Louise Fletcher (One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest)&lt;br /&gt;1976 Faye Dunaway (Network)&lt;br /&gt;1977 Diane Keaton (Annie Hall)&lt;br /&gt;1978 Jane Fonda (Coming Home)&lt;br /&gt;1979 Sally Field (Norma Rae)&lt;br /&gt;1980 Sissy Spacek (Coal Miner’s Daughter)&lt;br /&gt;1981 Katharine Hepburn (On Golden Pond)&lt;br /&gt;1982 Meryl Streep (Sophie’s Choice)&lt;br /&gt;1983 Shirley MacLaine (Terms of Endearment)&lt;br /&gt;1984 Sally Field (Places in the Heart)&lt;br /&gt;1985 Geraldine Page (The Trip to Bountiful)&lt;br /&gt;1986 Marlee Matlin (Children of a Lesser God)&lt;br /&gt;1987 Cher (Moonstruck)&lt;br /&gt;1988 Jodie Foster (The Accused)&lt;br /&gt;1989 Jessica Tandy (Driving Miss Daisy)&lt;br /&gt;1990 Kathy Bates (Misery)&lt;br /&gt;1991 Jodie Foster (The Silence of the Lambs)&lt;br /&gt;1992 Emma Thompson (Howards End)&lt;br /&gt;1993 Holly Hunter (The Piano)&lt;br /&gt;1994 Jessica Lange (Blue Sky)&lt;br /&gt;1995 Susan Sarandon (Dead Man Walking)&lt;br /&gt;1996 Frances McDormand (Fargo)&lt;br /&gt;1997 Helen Hunt (As Good as It Gets)&lt;br /&gt;1998 Gwyneth Paltrow (Shakespeare in Love)&lt;br /&gt;1999 Hilary Swank (Boys Don’t Cry)&lt;br /&gt;2000 Julia Roberts (Erin Brockovich)&lt;br /&gt;2001 Halle Berry (Monster’s Ball)&lt;br /&gt;2002 Nicole Kidman (The Hours)&lt;br /&gt;2003 Charlize Theron (Monster)&lt;br /&gt;2004 Hilary Swank (Million Dollar Baby)&lt;br /&gt;2005 Reese Witherspoon (Walk the Line)&lt;br /&gt;2006 Helen Mirren (The Queen)&lt;br /&gt;2007 Marion Cotillard (La Vie en Rose).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best_04.html"&gt;best actors&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best.html"&gt;best pictures&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6286472894351115546?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6286472894351115546/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6286472894351115546' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6286472894351115546'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6286472894351115546'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/08/best-actress.html' title='BEST ACTRESS'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6411559154120897797</id><published>2009-08-01T08:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T02:31:45.498-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='oscars 1997'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mejor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peliculas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='actor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='actores'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mejores'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pelis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peliculas cine'/><title type='text'>Mejores actores</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Siguiendo con el ejercicio de juzgar a los mejores de Hollywood, usando como referente los premios Oscars, tenemos que los mejores actores desde 1928 y hasta el 2007 son:&lt;br /&gt;1928 Emil Jannings (El destino de la carne y la última orden)&lt;br /&gt;1929 Warner Baxter (En el viejo Arizona)&lt;br /&gt;1930 George Arliss (Disraeli)&lt;br /&gt;1931 Lionel Barrymore (Un alma libre)&lt;br /&gt;1932 Wallace Beery (Campeón); Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)&lt;br /&gt;1933 Charles Laughton (La vida privada de Enrique VIII)&lt;br /&gt;1934 Clark Gable (Sucedió una noche)&lt;br /&gt;1935 Victor McLaglen (El delator)&lt;br /&gt;1936 Paul Muni (La historia de Louis Pasteur)&lt;br /&gt;1937 Spencer Tracy (Capitanes intrépidos)&lt;br /&gt;1938 Spencer Tracy (Forja de hombres)&lt;br /&gt;1939 Robert Donat (Adiós Mr. Chips)&lt;br /&gt;1940 James Stewart (Historias de Filadelfia)&lt;br /&gt;1941 Gary Cooper (SargentoYork)&lt;br /&gt;1942 James Cagney (Yankee Doodle Dandy)&lt;br /&gt;1943 Paul Lukas (Alarma en el Rin)&lt;br /&gt;1944 Bing Crosby (Siguiendo mi camino)&lt;br /&gt;1945 Ray Milland (Dias sin huella)&lt;br /&gt;1946 Fredric March (Los mejores años de nuestras vidas)&lt;br /&gt;1947 Ronald Colman (Doble vida)&lt;br /&gt;1948 Laurence Olivier (Hamlet)&lt;br /&gt;1949 Broderick Crawford (El político)&lt;br /&gt;1950 José Ferrer (Cyrano de Bergerac)&lt;br /&gt;1951 Humphrey Bogart (La reina africana)&lt;br /&gt;1952 Gary Cooper (Solo ante el peligro)&lt;br /&gt;1953 William Holden (Stalag 17)&lt;br /&gt;1954 Marlon Brando (Nido de ratas)&lt;br /&gt;1955 Ernest Borgnine (Marty)&lt;br /&gt;1956 Yul Brynner (El rey y yo)&lt;br /&gt;1957 Alec Guinness (Puente sobre el rio Kwai)&lt;br /&gt;1958 David Niven (Mesas separadas)&lt;br /&gt;1959 Charlton Heston (Ben-Hur)&lt;br /&gt;1960 Burt Lancaster (Elmer Gantry)&lt;br /&gt;1961 Maximilian Schell (El juicio de Nuremberg)&lt;br /&gt;1962 Gregory Peck (Matar un ruiseñor)&lt;br /&gt;1963 Sidney Poitier (Los lirios del campo)&lt;br /&gt;1964 Rex Harrison (My Fair Lady)&lt;br /&gt;1965 Lee Marvin (Cat Ballou)&lt;br /&gt;1966 Paul Scofield (Un hombre para la eternidad)&lt;br /&gt;1967 Rod Steiger (Al calor de la noche)&lt;br /&gt;1968 Cliff Robertson (Charly)&lt;br /&gt;1969 John Wayne (Valor de la ley)&lt;br /&gt;1970 George C. Scott (Patton) (declinado)&lt;br /&gt;1971 Gene Hackman (The French Connection)&lt;br /&gt;1972 Marlon Brando (El padrino) (declined)&lt;br /&gt;1973 Jack Lemmon (Salven al tigre)&lt;br /&gt;1974 Art Carney (Harry y Tonto)&lt;br /&gt;1975 Jack Nicholson (Alguien voló sobre el nido del cuco o tambien, Atrapado sin salida)&lt;br /&gt;1976 Peter Finch (Network)&lt;br /&gt;1977 Richard Dreyfuss (La chica del adiós)&lt;br /&gt;1978 Jon Voight (Regreso sin gloria)&lt;br /&gt;1979 Dustin Hoffman (Kramer contra Kramer)&lt;br /&gt;1980 Robert De Niro (Toro salvaje)&lt;br /&gt;1981 Henry Fonda (La laguna dorada)&lt;br /&gt;1982 Ben Kingsley (Gandhi)&lt;br /&gt;1983 Robert Duvall (El precio de la felicidad)&lt;br /&gt;1984 F. Murray Abraham (Amadeus)&lt;br /&gt;1985 William Hurt (El beso de la mujer araña)&lt;br /&gt;1986 Paul Newman (El color del dinero)&lt;br /&gt;1987 Michael Douglas (Wall Street)&lt;br /&gt;1988 Dustin Hoffman (Rain Man)&lt;br /&gt;1989 Daniel Day-Lewis (Mi pie izquierdo)&lt;br /&gt;1990 Jeremy Irons (El caso Von Bullow)&lt;br /&gt;1991 Anthony Hopkins (El silencio de los inocentes)&lt;br /&gt;1992 Al Pacino (perfume de Mujer)&lt;br /&gt;1993 Tom Hanks (Filadelfia)&lt;br /&gt;1994 Tom Hanks (&lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cineibague.pdf" title="Forrest Gump"&gt;Forrest Gump&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;1995 Nicolas Cage (Leaving Las Vegas)&lt;br /&gt;1996 Geoffrey Rush (Shine)&lt;br /&gt;1997 Jack Nicholson (Mejor imposible)&lt;br /&gt;1998 Roberto Benigni (La vida es bella)&lt;br /&gt;1999 Kevin Spacey (Belleza americana)&lt;br /&gt;2000 Russell Crowe (Gladiador)&lt;br /&gt;2001 Denzel Washington (Dia de entrenamiento)&lt;br /&gt;2002 Adrien Brody (El pianista)&lt;br /&gt;2003 Sean Penn (Rio Mistico)&lt;br /&gt;2004 Jamie Foxx (Ray)&lt;br /&gt;2005 Philip Seymour Hoffman (Capote)&lt;br /&gt;2006 Forest Whitaker (El ultimo rey de Escocia)&lt;br /&gt;2007 Daniel Day-Lewis (petróleo sangriento)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Estos han sido los mejores actores según la Academia de las Artes y ciencias cinematográficas de Los Angeles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer el articulo de referencia en inglés: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best_04.html"&gt;Academy Awards (Oscars) 1928-2007, best actor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6411559154120897797?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6411559154120897797/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6411559154120897797' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6411559154120897797'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6411559154120897797'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/08/mejores-actores.html' title='Mejores actores'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1840559401249226432</id><published>2009-07-22T01:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T02:50:23.000-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peliculas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='buscar peliculas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mejores'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pelis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peliculas cine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='listado peliculas'/><title type='text'>Mejores peliculas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El adjetivo calificativo de mejores peliculas, según el rasero norteamericano estipulado en la entrega de los premios Oscar, desde 1928 y hasta 2007:&lt;br /&gt;1928 Alas.&lt;br /&gt;1929 La melodia de Broadway .&lt;br /&gt;1930 Sin novedad en el frente.&lt;br /&gt;1931 Cimarron.&lt;br /&gt;1932 Gran Hotel.&lt;br /&gt;1933 Cabalgata.&lt;br /&gt;1934 Sucedio una noche.&lt;br /&gt;1935 La tragedia de Bounty.&lt;br /&gt;1936 El gran Ziegfeld.&lt;br /&gt;1937 La vida de Emile Zola.&lt;br /&gt;1938 Vive como quieras&lt;br /&gt;1939 &lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cinecolombia.pdf"&gt;Lo que el viento se llevó&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1940 Rebecca.&lt;br /&gt;1941 Que verde era mi valle.&lt;br /&gt;1942 La señora Miniver.&lt;br /&gt;1943 Casablanca.&lt;br /&gt;1944 Siguiendo mi camino.&lt;br /&gt;1945 Dias sin huella.&lt;br /&gt;1946 Los mejores años de nuestra vida.&lt;br /&gt;1947 La barrera invisible.&lt;br /&gt;1948 Hamlet.&lt;br /&gt;1949 El político.&lt;br /&gt;1950 Eva al desnudo.&lt;br /&gt;1951 Un americano en Paris.&lt;br /&gt;1952 El espectáculo más grande del mundo.&lt;br /&gt;1953 De aquí a la eternidad.&lt;br /&gt;1954 Nido de ratas.&lt;br /&gt;1955 Marty.&lt;br /&gt;1956 La vuelta al mundo en ochenta días.&lt;br /&gt;1957 El puente sobre el Rio Kwai.&lt;br /&gt;1958 Gigi.&lt;br /&gt;1959 Ben-Hur.&lt;br /&gt;1960 El apartamento.&lt;br /&gt;1961 West Side Story.&lt;br /&gt;1962 Lawrence de Arabia&lt;br /&gt;1963 Tom Jones.&lt;br /&gt;1964 My Fair Lady.&lt;br /&gt;1965 La novicia rebelde.&lt;br /&gt;1966 Un hombre para la eternidad.&lt;br /&gt;1967 Al calor de la noche.&lt;br /&gt;1968 ¡Oliver!&lt;br /&gt;1969 Vaquero de media noche.&lt;br /&gt;1970 Patton.&lt;br /&gt;1971 The French Connection.&lt;br /&gt;1972 El padrino.&lt;br /&gt;1973 El golpe.&lt;br /&gt;1974 El padrino Parte II.&lt;br /&gt;1975 Alguien Voló sobre el nido del cuco.&lt;br /&gt;1976 Rocky.&lt;br /&gt;1977 Annie Hall.&lt;br /&gt;1978 El francotirador.&lt;br /&gt;1979 Kramer contra Kramer.&lt;br /&gt;1980 Gente como uno.&lt;br /&gt;1981 Carros de fuego.&lt;br /&gt;1982 Gandhi.&lt;br /&gt;1983 La fuerza del cariño.&lt;br /&gt;1984 Amadeus.&lt;br /&gt;1985 Africa mía.&lt;br /&gt;1986 Platoon.&lt;br /&gt;1987 El último emperador.&lt;br /&gt;1988 Rain Man.&lt;br /&gt;1989 Conduciendo a Miss Daisy.&lt;br /&gt;1990 Danza con lobos.&lt;br /&gt;1991 El silencio de los inocentes.&lt;br /&gt;1992 Sin perdón.&lt;br /&gt;1993 La lista de Schindler.&lt;br /&gt;1994 &lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cineibague.pdf" &gt;Forrest Gump&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1995 &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/02/braveheart-1995.html" &gt;Corazón valiente&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1996 El paciente inglés.&lt;br /&gt;1997 Titanic.&lt;br /&gt;1998 Shakespeare enamorado.&lt;br /&gt;1999 Belleza Americana.&lt;br /&gt;2000 Gladiador.&lt;br /&gt;2001 Una mente brillante.&lt;br /&gt;2002 Chicago.&lt;br /&gt;2003 El señor de los anillos: El retorno del rey.&lt;br /&gt;2004 Golpes del destino.&lt;br /&gt;2005 Crash.&lt;br /&gt;2006 Infiltrados.&lt;br /&gt;2007 No es país para viejos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Respecto a las mejores películas, uno se siente inclindado a creer que faltan muchas otras e inclusive que algunas ganaron la estatuilla no por méritos sino por alguna suerte de conveniencia para la organización. Por supuesto que proliferan los títulos de peliculas producidas en inglés. Ni más faltaba.&lt;br /&gt;Y usted, ¿cuales cree que han sido las mejores películas de la historia?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leer tambien el articulo de referencia en inglés: &lt;a class="l" href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best.html"&gt;Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best picture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1840559401249226432?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1840559401249226432/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1840559401249226432' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1840559401249226432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1840559401249226432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mejores-peliculas.html' title='Mejores peliculas'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8222412751244621321</id><published>2009-07-22T00:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:26:06.720-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='landing'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='US'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Moon'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='missions'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='earth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='orbit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Apollo program'/><title type='text'>Apollo program</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Apollo program, significants missions.&lt;br /&gt;Years launched: 1968–72. Country or space agency: US. Designation: 7 through 17. Manned. Events of note: Several unmanned test flights preceded 11 manned Apollo missions, including two in Earth orbit (7 and 9), two in lunar orbit (8 and 10), one lunar flyby (13), and six lunar landings (11, 12, and 14–17) in which a total of 12 astronauts walked on the Moon. Apollo 11, crewed by &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/07/armstrong-neil.html"&gt;Neil Armstrong&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://ibague-tolima-colombia.blogspot.com/2009/07/collins-michael.html"&gt;Michael Collins&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2009/07/aldrin-edwin-eugene-jr.html"&gt;Buzz Aldrin&lt;/a&gt;, was the first mission to land humans on the Moon, on 20 Jul 1969. Apollo 13, planned as a lunar landing mission, experienced an onboard explosion en route to the Moon; after a swing around the Moon, the crippled spacecraft made a harrowing but safe return journey to Earth with its crew, James Lovell, John Swigert, and Fred Haise. The six landing missions collectively returned almost 382 kg (842 lb) of lunar rocks and soil for study on Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/year-definition.html"&gt;year definition&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/02/primitive-astronomy-and-astrology.html"&gt;primitive astronomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8222412751244621321?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8222412751244621321/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8222412751244621321' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8222412751244621321'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8222412751244621321'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/apollo-program.html' title='Apollo program'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6402521285824148478</id><published>2009-07-20T13:42:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-20T13:42:50.869-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='planetas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mitos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lluvia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistema solar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='la tierra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='enfermedad'/><title type='text'>Mitos de la ciencia 3</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Esto de los &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="mitos de la ciencia" href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia-2.html" id="jmap"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;mitos de la ciencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;, tiene mucha tela que cortar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;7-) Cuando los planetas del sistema solar se alienan pueden crear terremotos en la tierra. Exageraciones. La fuerza gravitatoria de una masa disminuye en relación con el cuadrado de la distancia que la separa de otra masa. Como resultado, planetas tan enormes como Júpiter están demasiado lejos para producir un efecto mínimo en la tierra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;8-) Las personas usan apenas el 10 por ciento del potencial del cerebro. ¡Vaya mito! Las partes del cerebro tienen una función dinámica, Nadie usa todo el cerebro al mismo tiempo ya que si así fuera, que todas las neuronas estuvieran en acción, nos daría una convulsión y no, un rapto de genialidad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;9-) Un viento frío nos puede enfermar. No es exacto. No hay evidencias médicas que sostengan esta idea, pero pueden existir conexiones secundarias entre el aire frío y la enfermedad. Una hipotermia leve o el Transtorno Afectivo estacional, disminuyen la resistencia del cuerpo; y como cuando hace frio la gente pasa más tiempo dentro de su casa, los gérmenes se propagan más fácilmente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;10-) La lluvia tiene forma de lágrimas. Es un estereotipo. las gotas pequeñas son aproximadamente esféricas, pues las mantiene cohesionadas la tensión superficial. Gotas mayores, de aproximadamente 2,5 mm de ancho, se aplanan como una hamburguesa. Las más grandes se abren como un paracaidas y se desintegran por la presión del aire durante la caída.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, fantasy; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Los mitos de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="la ciencia" href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/ciencia.html" id="yt4l"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;la ciencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;, muchas veces, nos hacen sonreir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6402521285824148478?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6402521285824148478/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6402521285824148478' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6402521285824148478'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6402521285824148478'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia-3.html' title='Mitos de la ciencia 3'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1931180147173747296</id><published>2009-07-20T06:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-20T07:04:42.056-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='San Francisco'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nevada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sol'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mitos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='California'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Los angeles'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasma'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='la tierra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gases'/><title type='text'>Mitos de la ciencia 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Prosigamos señalando otros &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="mitos de la ciencia" href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia.html" id="hj1f"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;mitos de la ciencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4-) Desde el momento en que la luz de sol se crea, le toma solo ocho minutos llegar a la tierra. Inexacto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En realidad, luego que "nace" un fotón en el centro del sol es absorbido  remitido en múltiples direcciones a través de 643.600 kilómetros de plasma. Le toma cerca de 30.000 años en llegar a la superficie de sol y ocho minutos en llegar a la tierra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;5-) Algún día un terremoto empujará a California hacia el mar y convertirá el estado de Nevada en un lote costero. Falso. San Francisco, Los Angeles y lamayor parte del litoral de California, se desplazan hacia el norte, no hacia el mar. La falla de San Andrés divide la placa tectónica norpacífica de la norteamericana, gigantescos bloques de corteza que se mueven en diferentes direcciones.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;6-) El sol es una bola de gases calientes. El hecho es que casi todo el sol está formado por plasma, una mezcla de átomos cargados y electrones arrancados de esos átomos; no por gases. El plasma posee un campo magnético, por lo que las llamas solares adoptan formas extravagantes de filamentos y lazos. Los campos magnéticos que atraviesan el plasma ayudan a transportar la energía del interior del sol.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, fantasy; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;He aquí otros tres mitos de la ciencia, justo hoy, cuando celebramos el mayor éxito del &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="programa apolo" href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/07/programa-apolo.html" id="cm.g"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;programa apolo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1931180147173747296?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1931180147173747296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1931180147173747296' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1931180147173747296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1931180147173747296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia-2.html' title='Mitos de la ciencia 2'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7158527036917816704</id><published>2009-07-20T06:20:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-20T06:20:47.170-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mitos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cientificos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='luz'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciencia y tecnologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='telescopios'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='universo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='big bang'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='oceanos'/><title type='text'>Mitos de la ciencia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Vamos a enumerar algunos mitos de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="ciencia" href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2008/10/ciencia.html" id="cdqi"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;ciencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;1-) Si los telescopios fueran lo bastante potentes, los cientificos podrían encontrar el sitio de la Gran Explosión. Nada que ver. La realidad es que el big bang no fue una explosión en el espacio, sino una explosión de espacio. Todo el universo, incluyendo el propio espacio, surgió de un solo punto, así que no existe un centro del universo. La gran explosión ocurrió en todas partes y en todas direcciones.&lt;br /&gt;2-) El agua oceánica contiene toneladas de sal. Burda aproximación a la verdad.&lt;br /&gt;No hay ni una sola partícula de sal en el agua salada. Cuando el cloruro de sodio se disuelve en el agua, se separan los átomos de cloro y los de sodio. Se recombinan cuando el agua de los oceanos se evapora.&lt;br /&gt;3-) La luz viaja a una velocidad constante de 300.000 kilometros por hora. Depende.&lt;br /&gt;La velocidad de la luz en el vacío absoluto es constante, pero se reduce considerablemente en el agua, el aire y otros materiales. En el cristal, la luz viaj a 195.000 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sean estos tres mitos de la ciencia un abrebocas para todos los curiosos de los fenomenos científicos, justo hoy, 20 de julio, que conmemoramos el 40 aniversario del alunizaje del hombre, por cuenta de &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a title="Neil Armstrong" href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/07/armstrong-neil.html" id="zr6q"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Neil Armstrong&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Edwin Aldrin" href="http://fotosdeltolimaydecolombia.blogspot.com/2009/07/aldrin-edwin-eugene-jr.html" id="ycw3"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Edwin Aldrin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt; y &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Michael Collins" href="http://ibague-tolima-colombia.blogspot.com/2009/07/collins-michael.html" id="kshh"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Michael Collins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7158527036917816704?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7158527036917816704/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7158527036917816704' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7158527036917816704'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7158527036917816704'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/mitos-de-la-ciencia.html' title='Mitos de la ciencia'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3197909091076590885</id><published>2009-07-04T03:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:13:55.735-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='best actor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academy Awards'/><title type='text'>Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best actor</title><content type='html'>Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best actor: &lt;br /&gt;1928 Emil Jannings (The Last Command; The Way of All Flesh)&lt;br /&gt;1929 Warner Baxter (In Old Arizona)&lt;br /&gt;1930 George Arliss (Disraeli)&lt;br /&gt;1931 Lionel Barrymore (A Free Soul)&lt;br /&gt;1932 Wallace Beery (The Champ); Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (tied)&lt;br /&gt;1933 Charles Laughton (The Private Life of Henry VIII)&lt;br /&gt;1934 Clark Gable (It Happened One Night)&lt;br /&gt;1935 Victor McLaglen (The Informer)&lt;br /&gt;1936 Paul Muni (The Story of Louis Pasteur)&lt;br /&gt;1937 Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous)&lt;br /&gt;1938 Spencer Tracy (Boys Town)&lt;br /&gt;1939 Robert Donat (Goodbye, Mr. Chips)&lt;br /&gt;1940 James Stewart (The Philadelphia Story)&lt;br /&gt;1941 Gary Cooper (Sergeant York)&lt;br /&gt;1942 James Cagney (Yankee Doodle Dandy)&lt;br /&gt;1943 Paul Lukas (Watch on the Rhine)&lt;br /&gt;1944 Bing Crosby (Going My Way)&lt;br /&gt;1945 Ray Milland (The Lost Weekend)&lt;br /&gt;1946 Fredric March (The Best Years of Our Lives)&lt;br /&gt;1947 Ronald Colman (A Double Life)&lt;br /&gt;1948 Laurence Olivier (Hamlet)&lt;br /&gt;1949 Broderick Crawford (All the King’s Men)&lt;br /&gt;1950 José Ferrer (Cyrano de Bergerac)&lt;br /&gt;1951 Humphrey Bogart (The African Queen)&lt;br /&gt;1952 Gary Cooper (High Noon)&lt;br /&gt;1953 William Holden (Stalag 17)&lt;br /&gt;1954 Marlon Brando (On the Waterfront)&lt;br /&gt;1955 Ernest Borgnine (Marty)&lt;br /&gt;1956 Yul Brynner (The King and I)&lt;br /&gt;1957 Alec Guinness (The Bridge on the River Kwai)&lt;br /&gt;1958 David Niven (Separate Tables)&lt;br /&gt;1959 Charlton Heston (Ben-Hur)&lt;br /&gt;1960 Burt Lancaster (Elmer Gantry)&lt;br /&gt;1961 Maximilian Schell (Judgment at Nuremberg)&lt;br /&gt;1962 Gregory Peck (To Kill a Mockingbird)&lt;br /&gt;1963 Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field)&lt;br /&gt;1964 Rex Harrison (My Fair Lady)&lt;br /&gt;1965 Lee Marvin (Cat Ballou)&lt;br /&gt;1966 Paul Scofield (A Man for All Seasons)&lt;br /&gt;1967 Rod Steiger (In the Heat of the Night)&lt;br /&gt;1968 Cliff Robertson (Charly)&lt;br /&gt;1969 John Wayne (True Grit)&lt;br /&gt;1970 George C. Scott (Patton) (declined)&lt;br /&gt;1971 Gene Hackman (The French Connection)&lt;br /&gt;1972 Marlon Brando (The Godfather) (declined)&lt;br /&gt;1973 Jack Lemmon (Save the Tiger)&lt;br /&gt;1974 Art Carney (Harry and Tonto)&lt;br /&gt;1975 Jack Nicholson (One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest)&lt;br /&gt;1976 Peter Finch (Network) (posthumously)&lt;br /&gt;1977 Richard Dreyfuss (The Goodbye Girl)&lt;br /&gt;1978 Jon Voight (Coming Home)&lt;br /&gt;1979 Dustin Hoffman (Kramer vs. Kramer)&lt;br /&gt;1980 Robert De Niro (Raging Bull)&lt;br /&gt;1981 Henry Fonda (On Golden Pond)&lt;br /&gt;1982 Ben Kingsley (Gandhi)&lt;br /&gt;1983 Robert Duvall (Tender Mercies)&lt;br /&gt;1984 F. Murray Abraham (Amadeus)&lt;br /&gt;1985 William Hurt (Kiss of the Spider Woman)&lt;br /&gt;1986 Paul Newman (The Color of Money)&lt;br /&gt;1987 Michael Douglas (Wall Street)&lt;br /&gt;1988 Dustin Hoffman (Rain Man)&lt;br /&gt;1989 Daniel Day-Lewis (My Left Foot)&lt;br /&gt;1990 Jeremy Irons (Reversal of Fortune)&lt;br /&gt;1991 Anthony Hopkins (The Silence of the Lambs)&lt;br /&gt;1992 Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman)&lt;br /&gt;1993 Tom Hanks (Philadelphia)&lt;br /&gt;1994 Tom Hanks (&lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cineibague.pdf"&gt;Forrest Gump&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;1995 Nicolas Cage (Leaving Las Vegas)&lt;br /&gt;1996 Geoffrey Rush (Shine)&lt;br /&gt;1997 Jack Nicholson (As Good as It Gets)&lt;br /&gt;1998 Roberto Benigni (Life Is Beautiful)&lt;br /&gt;1999 Kevin Spacey (American Beauty)&lt;br /&gt;2000 Russell Crowe (Gladiator)&lt;br /&gt;2001 Denzel Washington (Training Day)&lt;br /&gt;2002 Adrien Brody (The Pianist)&lt;br /&gt;2003 Sean Penn (Mystic River)&lt;br /&gt;2004 Jamie Foxx (Ray)&lt;br /&gt;2005 Philip Seymour Hoffman (Capote)&lt;br /&gt;2006 Forest Whitaker (The Last King of Scotland)&lt;br /&gt;2007 Daniel Day-Lewis (There Will Be Blood)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best.html"&gt;Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best picture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3197909091076590885?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3197909091076590885/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3197909091076590885' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3197909091076590885'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3197909091076590885'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best_04.html' title='Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best actor'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6852859167289302445</id><published>2009-07-04T03:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T03:09:06.054-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Oscars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='best picture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academy Awards'/><title type='text'>Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best picture</title><content type='html'>Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best picture: &lt;br /&gt;1928 Wings.&lt;br /&gt;1929 The Broadway Melody.&lt;br /&gt;1930 All Quiet on the Western Front.&lt;br /&gt;1931 Cimarron.&lt;br /&gt;1932 Grand Hotel.&lt;br /&gt;1933 Cavalcade.&lt;br /&gt;1934 It Happened One Night.&lt;br /&gt;1935 Mutiny on the Bounty.&lt;br /&gt;1936 The Great Ziegfeld.&lt;br /&gt;1937 The Life of Emile Zola.&lt;br /&gt;1938 You Can’t Take It with You.&lt;br /&gt;1939 &lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cinecolombia.pdf"&gt;Gone with the Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1940 Rebecca.&lt;br /&gt;1941 How Green Was My Valley.&lt;br /&gt;1942 Mrs. Miniver.&lt;br /&gt;1943 Casablanca.&lt;br /&gt;1944 Going My Way.&lt;br /&gt;1945 The Lost Weekend.&lt;br /&gt;1946 The Best Years of Our Lives.&lt;br /&gt;1947 Gentleman’s Agreement.&lt;br /&gt;1948 Hamlet.&lt;br /&gt;1949 All the King’s Men.&lt;br /&gt;1950 All About Eve.&lt;br /&gt;1951 An American in Paris.&lt;br /&gt;1952 The Greatest Show on Earth.&lt;br /&gt;1953 From Here to Eternity.&lt;br /&gt;1954 On the Waterfront.&lt;br /&gt;1955 Marty.&lt;br /&gt;1956 Around the World in 80 Days.&lt;br /&gt;1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai.&lt;br /&gt;1958 Gigi.&lt;br /&gt;1959 Ben-Hur.&lt;br /&gt;1960 The Apartment.&lt;br /&gt;1961 West Side Story.&lt;br /&gt;1962 Lawrence of Arabia.&lt;br /&gt;1963 Tom Jones.&lt;br /&gt;1964 My Fair Lady.&lt;br /&gt;1965 The Sound of Music.&lt;br /&gt;1966 A Man for All Seasons.&lt;br /&gt;1967 In the Heat of the Night.&lt;br /&gt;1968 Oliver!&lt;br /&gt;1969 Midnight Cowboy.&lt;br /&gt;1970 Patton.&lt;br /&gt;1971 The French Connection.&lt;br /&gt;1972 The Godfather.&lt;br /&gt;1973 The Sting.&lt;br /&gt;1974 The Godfather Part II.&lt;br /&gt;1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.&lt;br /&gt;1976 Rocky.&lt;br /&gt;1977 Annie Hall.&lt;br /&gt;1978 The Deer Hunter.&lt;br /&gt;1979 Kramer vs. Kramer.&lt;br /&gt;1980 Ordinary People.&lt;br /&gt;1981 Chariots of Fire.&lt;br /&gt;1982 Gandhi.&lt;br /&gt;1983 Terms of Endearment.&lt;br /&gt;1984 Amadeus.&lt;br /&gt;1985 Out of Africa.&lt;br /&gt;1986 Platoon.&lt;br /&gt;1987 The Last Emperor.&lt;br /&gt;1988 Rain Man.&lt;br /&gt;1989 Driving Miss Daisy.&lt;br /&gt;1990 Dances with Wolves.&lt;br /&gt;1991 The Silence of the Lambs.&lt;br /&gt;1992 Unforgiven.&lt;br /&gt;1993 Schindler’s List.&lt;br /&gt;1994 &lt;a href="http://verbuencine.galeon.com/cineibague.pdf"&gt;Forrest Gump&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1995 &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/02/braveheart-1995.html"&gt;Braveheart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1996 The English Patient.&lt;br /&gt;1997 Titanic.&lt;br /&gt;1998 Shakespeare in Love.&lt;br /&gt;1999 American Beauty.&lt;br /&gt;2000 Gladiator.&lt;br /&gt;2001 A Beautiful Mind.&lt;br /&gt;2002 Chicago.&lt;br /&gt;2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.&lt;br /&gt;2004 Million Dollar Baby.&lt;br /&gt;2005 Crash.&lt;br /&gt;2006 The Departed.&lt;br /&gt;2007 No Country for Old Men.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6852859167289302445?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6852859167289302445/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6852859167289302445' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6852859167289302445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6852859167289302445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/07/academy-awards-oscars-1928-2007-best.html' title='Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2007, best picture'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6911645102234579278</id><published>2009-06-20T13:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:37:26.685-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pennsylvania'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='quaker'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Delaware'/><title type='text'>1700</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;From this time till the American Revolution New York continued a province of the Crown. Royal governor succeeded royal governor, some of them better, some worse. Of the entire line Bellomont was the most worthy official, Cornbury the least so. One of the problems which chiefly worried all of them was how to execute the navigation acts, which, evaded everywhere, were here unscrupulously defied. Another care of the governors, in which they succeeded but very imperfectly, was to establish the English Church in the colony. A third was the disfranchisement of Catholics. This they accomplished, the legislature concurring, and the disability continued during the entire colonial period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hottest struggle of all occurred over the question of the colony's right of self-taxation. The democracy stood for this with the utmost firmness, and even the higher classes favored rather than opposed. The governors, Cornbury and Lovelace, most frantically, but in vain, expostulated, scolded, threatened, till at last it became admitted by law in the colony that no tax whatever could, on any pretext, be levied save by act of the people's representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dutch America, it will be remembered, had reached southward to the Delaware River, and this lower portion passed with the rest to the Duke of York in 1664. The territory between the Hudson and the Delaware, under the name of New Jersey, he made over to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, proprietaries, who favored the freest institutions, civil and religious. The population was for long very sparse and, as it grew, very miscellaneous. Dutch, Swedes, English, Quakers, and Puritans from New England were represented.&lt;br /&gt;After the English recovery Berkeley disposed of his undivided half of the province, subsequently set off as West Jersey, to one Bylling, a Quaker, who in a little time assigned it to Lawrie, Lucas, Penn, and other Quakers. West Jersey became as much a Quaker paradise as Pennsylvania. Penn with eleven of his brethren, also bought, of Carteret's heirs, East Jersey, but here Puritan rather than Quaker influence prevailed.&lt;br /&gt;The Jersey plantations came of course under Andros, and after his fall its proprietors did not recover their political authority. For twelve years, while they were endeavoring to do this, partial anarchy cursed the province, and at length in 1702 they surrendered their rights to the Crown, the Jerseys, now made one, becoming directly subject to Queen Anne. The province had its own legislature and, till 1741, the same governors as New York. It also had mainly the same political vicissitudes, and with the same result.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;William Penn, the famous Quaker, received the proprietorship of Pennsylvania in payment of a claim for sixteen thousand pounds against the English Government. This had been left him by his father, Sir William Penn, a distinguished naval commander in the Dutch war of 1665-67, when he had borne chief part in the conquest of Jamaica.&lt;br /&gt;William Penn was among the most cultivated men of his time, polished by study and travel, deeply read in law and philosophy. He had fortune, and many friends at court, including Charles II. himself. He needed but to conform, and great place was his. But conform he would not. True to the inner light, braving the scoffs of all his friends, expelled from Oxford University, beaten from his own father's door, imprisoned now nine months in London Tower, now six in Newgate, this heroic spirit persistently went the Quaker way. In despair of securing in England freedom for distressed consciences he turned his thoughts toward America, there to try his "holy experiment."&lt;br /&gt;The charter from Charles II. was drawn by Penn's own hand and was nobly liberal. It ordained perfect religious toleration for all Christians, and forbade taxation save by the provincial assembly or the English Parliament. Under William and Mary, greatly to his grief, Penn was forced to sanction the penal laws against Catholics; but they were most leniently administered, which brought upon the large-minded proprietary much trouble with the home government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As Pennsylvania, owing to the righteous and loving procedure of Penn toward them, suffered nothing from the red men to the west, so was it fortunately beyond Andros's jurisdiction on the east. Once, from 1692, for two years, the land was snatched from Penn and placed under a royal commission. Returning to England in 1684, after a two years' sojourn in America to get his colony started, the Quaker chief became intimate and a favorite with James II., devotedly supporting his Declaration of Indulgence toward Catholics as well as toward all Protestant dissenters.&lt;br /&gt;He tried hard but vainly to win William and Mary to the same policy.&lt;br /&gt;This attitude of his cost him dear, rendering him an object of suspicion to the men now in power in England. Twice was he accused of treasonable correspondence with the exiled James II., though never proved guilty.&lt;br /&gt;From 1699 to 1701 he was in America again, thereafter residing in England till his death in 1718. He had literally given all for his colony, his efforts on its behalf having been to him, so he wrote in 1710, a cause of grief, trouble, and poverty.&lt;br /&gt;But the colony itself was amazingly prosperous. There were internal feuds, mainly petty, some serious. George Keith grievously divided the Quakers by his teachings against slavery, going to law, or service as magistrates on the part of Quakers, thus implying that only infidels or churchmen could be the colony's officials.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fletcher's governorship in 1693-94, under the royal commission, evoked continual opposition, colonial privileges remaining intact in spite of him. The people from time to time subjected their ground-law to changes, only to render it a fitter instrument of freedom. In everything save the hereditary function of the proprietary, it was democratic. For many years even the governor's council was elective. The colony grew, immigrants crowding in from nearly every European country, and wealth multiplied to correspond.&lt;br /&gt;We have, dating from 1698, a history of Pennsylvania by one Gabriel Thomas, full of interesting information. Philadelphia was already a "noble and beautiful city," containing above 2,000 houses, most of them "stately," made of brick; three stores, and besides a town house, a market house, and several schools. Three fairs were held there yearly, and two weekly markets, which it required twenty fat bullocks, besides many sheep, calves, and hogs, to supply. The city had large trade to New York, New England, Virginia, West India, and Old England. Its exports were horses, pipe-staves, salt meats, bread-stuffs, poultry, and tobacco; its imports, fir, rum, sugar, molasses, silver, negroes, salt, linen, household goods, etc. Wages were three times as high as in England or Wales. All sorts of "very good paper" were made at Germantown, besides linen, druggets, crapes, camlets, serges, and other woollen cloths. All religious confessions were represented.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1712, such his poverty, the good proprietary was willing to sell to the Crown, but as he insisted upon maintenance of the colonists' full rights, no sale occurred. English bigots and revenue officials would gladly have annulled his charter, but his integrity had gotten him influence among English statesmen, which shielded the heritage he had left even when he was gone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is particularly to be noticed that till our Independence Delaware was most intimately related to Pennsylvania. Of Delaware the fee simple belonged not to Penn, but to the Duke of York, who had conquered it from the Dutch, as they from the Swedes. Penn therefore governed here, not as proprietary but as the Duke's tenant. In 1690-92, and from 1702, Delaware enjoyed a legislature by itself, though its governors were appointed by Penn or his heirs during the entire colonial period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1686.html" &gt;1686&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6911645102234579278?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6911645102234579278/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6911645102234579278' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6911645102234579278'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6911645102234579278'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1700.html' title='1700'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5374595776202819503</id><published>2009-06-20T12:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:35:15.938-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>1686</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The English conquest of New Netherland from the Dutch speedily followed the Stuarts' return to the throne. Cromwell had mooted an attack on Dutch America; Connecticut's charter of 1662 extended that colony to include the Dutch lands. England based her claim to the territory on alleged priority of discovery, but the real motives were the value of the Hudson as an avenue for trade, and the desire to range her colonies along the Atlantic coast in one unbroken line. The victory was not bloody, nor was it offensive to the Dutch themselves, who in the matter of liberties could not lose. King Charles had granted the conquered tract to his brother, the Duke of York, subsequently James II., and it was in his honor christened with its present name of New York.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Duke's government was not popular, especially as it ordered the Dutch land-patents to be renewed--for money, of course; and in 1673, war again existing between England and Holland, the Dutch recovered their old possession. They held it however for only fifteen months, since at the Peace of 1674 the two belligerent nations mutually restored all the posts which they had won.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The reader already has some idea of Sir Edmond Andros's rule in America. New York was the first to feel this, coming under the gentleman's governorship immediately on being the second time surrendered to England. Such had been the political disorder in the province, that Andros's headship, stern as it was, proved beneficial. He even, for a time, 1683-86, reluctantly permitted an elective legislature, though discontinuing it when the legislatures of New England were suppressed. This taste of freedom had its effect afterward.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1688-1700.html" &gt;1688- 1700&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5374595776202819503?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5374595776202819503/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5374595776202819503' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5374595776202819503'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5374595776202819503'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1686.html' title='1686'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6231721802280379994</id><published>2009-06-07T04:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:09:12.970-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pennsylvania'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Newport'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='witchcraft'/><title type='text'>1688-1700</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Prayers ended, the "men folks" went forth to the day's toil. It was hard, partly from its then rough character, partly from poverty of appliances. For the hardest jobs neighbors would join hands, fighting nature as they had to fight the Indians, unitedly. Farming tools, if of iron or steel, as axe, mattock, spade, and the iron nose for the digger or the plough, the village blacksmith usually fashioned, as he did the bake-pan, griddle, crane, and pothooks, for indoor use. Tables, chairs, cradles, bedsteads, and those straight-backed "settles" of which a few may yet be seen, were either home-made or gotten up by the village carpenter. Mattresses were at first of hay, straw, leaves, or rushes.&lt;br /&gt;Before 1700, however, feather beds were common, and houses and the entire state of a New England farmer's home had become somewhat more lordly than the above picture might indicate. The colonists made much use of berries, wild fruits, bread and milk, game, fish, and shellfish.&lt;br /&gt;The stock wandered in the forests and about the brooks, to be brought home at night by the boys, whom the sound of the cow-bell led. In autumn bushels upon bushels of nuts were laid by, to serve, along with dried berries and grapes, salted fish and venison, as food for the winter.&lt;br /&gt;Every phase and circumstance of this pioneer life reminded our fathers of their dependence upon nature and the Supreme Power behind nature, while at the same time the continual need and application of neighbor's co-operation with neighbor brought out brotherly love in charming strength and beauty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But to old New England religion, as a clerical, public, and organized affair, there is a far darker side. In the eighteenth century belief in witchcraft was nearly universal. In 1683 one Margaret Matron was tried in Pennsylvania on a charge of bewitching cows and geese, and placed under bonds of one hundred pounds for good behavior. In 1705 Grace Sherwood was ducked in Virginia for the same offence. Cases of the kind had occurred in New York. There was no colony where the belief in astrology, necromancy, second sight, ghosts, haunted houses and spots, love-spells, charms, and peculiar powers attaching to rings, herbs, etc., did not prevail. Such credulity was not peculiar to America, but cursed Europe as well. It seemed to flourish, if anything, after the Reformation more than before. Luther firmly believed in witchcraft. He professed to have met the Evil One in personal conflict, and to have vanquished him by the use of an inkstand as missile. Perhaps every land in Europe had laws making witchcraft a capital crime. One was enacted in England under Henry VIII., another in James I.'s first year, denouncing death against all persons "invoking any evil spirit, or consulting, covenanting with, entertaining, employing, feeding, or rewarding any evil spirit, or taking up dead bodies from their graves to be used in any witchcraft, sorcery, charm, or enchantment, or killing or otherwise hurting any person by such infernal arts." A similar statute was contained in the "Fundamentals" of Massachusetts, probably inspired by the command of Scripture, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." This law, we shall see, was not a dead letter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No wonder such a law was of more effect in New England than anywhere else on earth. The official religion of the Puritans was not only superstitious in general but gloomy in particular, and most gloomy in New England. Its central tenet, here at least, seemed to be that life ought to furnish no joy, men seeking to "merit heaven by making earth a hell." Sunday laws were severe, and rigidly enforced from six o'clock Saturday evening till the same hour the next. Not the least work was allowed unless absolutely necessary, nor any semblance of amusement.&lt;br /&gt;Boys bringing home the cows were cautioned to "let down the bars softly, as it was the Lord's day." Sunday travellers were arrested and fined.&lt;br /&gt;Men might be whipped for absence from church. A girl at Plymouth was threatened exile as a street-walker for smiling in meeting. Increase Mather traced the great Boston fire of 1711 to the sin of Sunday labor, such as carrying parcels and baking food. In Newport, some men having been drowned who, to say good-by to departing friends, had rowed out to a ship just weighing anchor, Rev. John Comer prayed that others might take warning and "do no more such great wickedness."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sermons were often two hours long; public prayer half an hour. Worse still was what went by the name of music--doggerel hymns full of the most sulphurous theology, uttered congregationally as "lined off" by the leader--nasal, dissonant, and discordant in the highest imaginable degree. The church itself was but a barn, homely-shaped, bare, and in winter cold as out-of-doors. At this season men wrapped their feet in bags, and women stuffed their muffs with hot stones. Sleepers were rudely awakened by the tithing-man's baton thwacking their heads; or, if females, by its fox-tail end brushing their cheeks. Fast-days were common. Prayer opened every public meeting, secular as well as religious. The doctrine of special providences was pressed to a ridiculous extreme. The devil was believed in no less firmly than God, and indefinitely great power ascribed to him. The Catechism--book second in authority only to the Bible--contained of his Satanic Majesty a cut, which children were left, not to say taught, to suppose as correct a likeness as that of Cromwell, which crowned the mantels of so many homes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/witchcraft-1675.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;WITCHCRAFT 1675&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6231721802280379994?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6231721802280379994/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6231721802280379994' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6231721802280379994'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6231721802280379994'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1688-1700.html' title='1688-1700'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5224580391434771335</id><published>2009-06-01T03:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:07:50.876-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dormitory'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chimney'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='residences'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='baking-oven'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='witchcraft'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colonial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fireside'/><title type='text'>WITCHCRAFT 1675</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1675.html"&gt;1675&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;The home life of colonial New England was unique. Its like has appeared nowhere else in human history. Mostwise it was beautiful as well. In it religion was central and supreme. The General Court of Plymouth very early passed the following order: "Noe dwelling-howse shal be builte above halfe a myle from the meeting-howse in any newe plantacion without leave from the Court, except mylle-howses and ffermehowses." In laying out a village the meeting-house, as the hub to which everything was to be referred, was located first of all. The minister's lot commonly adjoined. Then a sufficiency of land was parcelled off to each freeholder whereon to erect his dwelling. Massachusetts from the first, and Plymouth beginning somewhat later, also made eminent provision for schools--all in the interest of religion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The earliest residences were necessarily of logs, shaped and fitted more or less rudely according to the skill of the builder or the time and means at his disposal. There was usually one large room below, which served as kitchen, dining-room, sitting-room, and parlor, and on the same floor with this one or two lodging-rooms. An unfinished attic constituted the dormitory for the rising generation. A huge Stone chimney, terminating below in a still more capacious fireplace, that would admit logs from four to eight feet in length, conveyed away the smoke, and with it much of the heat. This involved no loss, as wood was a drug. Communicating with the chimney was the great stone baking-oven, whence came the bouncing loaves of corn-bread, duly "brown," the rich-colored "pompion" pies, and the loin of venison, beef, or pork.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over these bounties--and such they were heartily esteemed, however meagre--often as the family drew around the table, its head offered thanks to the heavenly Giver. Each morning, after they had eaten, he read a goodly portion of God's Word, never less than a chapter, and then, not kneeling but standing, led his household in reverent and believing prayer for protection, guidance, stimulus in good, and for every needed grace. What purity, what love of rectitude, what strength of will did not the builders of America carry forth from that family altar! He who would understand the richest side and the deepest moving forces of our national life and development must not overlook those New England fireside scenes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5224580391434771335?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5224580391434771335/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5224580391434771335' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5224580391434771335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5224580391434771335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/witchcraft-1675.html' title='WITCHCRAFT 1675'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-827098314071106298</id><published>2009-06-01T02:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:33:59.803-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maine'/><title type='text'>1678</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Turner's victory brought the war to a crisis. The red men lacked resources. The whites had learned the secrets of savage warfare. They could no longer be led into ambush, while their foe at no time during the war ventured to engage them in open field. Large parties of Indians began to surrender; many roving bands were captured. Hostilities continued still many months in Maine, the whites more and more uniformly successful, till the Treaty of Casco, April 12, 1678, at last terminated the war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hunted by the English backward and forward, Philip was at last driven to his old home upon Mount Hope.  Here Captain Church, one of the most practised of Indian fighters, surprised him on the morning of August 12, &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1676.html"&gt;1676&lt;/a&gt;, encamped upon a little upland, which it is believed has been exactly identified near a swamp at the foot of the mountain. By residents in the neighborhood it is known as Little Guinea. At the first firing Philip, but partially dressed, seized gun and powder-horn and made for the swamp, Captain Church's ambush was directly in his front.&lt;br /&gt;An Englishman's piece missed fire, but an Indian sent a bullet through the Great Sachem's heart.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this fearful war at least six hundred of the English inhabitants either fell in battle or were murdered by the enemy, A dozen or more towns were utterly destroyed, others greatly damaged, Some six hundred buildings, chiefly dwelling-houses, were consumed by fire, and over a hundred thousand pounds of colonial money expended, to say nothing of the immense losses in goods and cattle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not without propriety has the Pokanoket chief been denominated a king.&lt;br /&gt;If not a Charlemagne or a Louis XIV., he yet possessed elements of true greatness. While he lived his mind evidently guided, as his will dominated and prolonged, the war. This is saying much, for the Indian's disinclination to all strenuous or continuous exertion was pronounced and proverbial. Philip's treatment of Mrs. Rowlandson must be declared magnanimous, especially as, of course, he was but a savage king, who might reasonably request us not to measure him by our rules. The other party to the war we have a right to judge more rigidly, and just sentence in their case must be severe. Philip's sorrowing, innocent wife and son were brought prisoners to Plymouth, and their lot referred to the ministers. After long deliberation and prayer it was decided that they should be sold into slavery, and this was their fate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-827098314071106298?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/827098314071106298/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=827098314071106298' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/827098314071106298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/827098314071106298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/06/1678.html' title='1678'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5677179228662451050</id><published>2009-05-21T04:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:07:06.118-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Northampton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lancaster'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hadley'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hatfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Springfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rhode Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Boston'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1676</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In 1676 central Massachusetts was again aflame. Lancaster was sacked and burned, its inhabitants nearly all either carried captive or put to death with indescribable atrocities. Mrs. Rowlandson, wife of the Lancaster Minister, also her son and two daughters, were among the captives. We have this brave woman's story as subsequently detailed by herself. Her youngest, a little girl of six, wounded by a bullet, she bore in her arms wherever they marched, till the poor creature died of cold, starvation, and lack of care. The agonized mother begged the privilege of tugging along the corpse, but was refused. She with her son and living daughter were ransomed, after wandering up and down with the savages eleven weeks and five days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From Mrs. Rowlandson's narrative we have many interesting facts touching the Indians' habits of life. They carried ample stores from Lancaster, but soon squandered them, and were reduced to a diet of garbage, horses' entrails, ears, and liver, with broth made of horses' feet and legs. The liver they seemed to prefer raw. Their chief food was ground-nuts. They also ate acorns, artichokes, beans, and various sorts of roots. They especially delighted in old bones, which, being heated to drive out maggots and worms, they first boiled for soup, then ground for use as meal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The captive lady often saw Philip. At his request she made a shirt and a cap for his son, for which he paid her. Says Hubbard, "Such was the goodness of God to these poor captive women and children that they found so much favor in the sight of their enemies that they offered no wrong to any of their persons save what they could not help, being in many wants themselves. Neither did they offer any uncivil carriage to any of the females, nor ever attempt the chastity of any of them." So soon as negotiations were opened for Mrs. Rowlandson's release, Philip told her of this, and expressed the hope that they would succeed. When her ransom had arrived he met her with a smile, saying: "I have pleasant words for you this morning; would you like to hear them? You are to go home to-morrow," Twenty pounds were paid for her, raised by some ladies of Boston, aided by a Mr. Usher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hostilities now bore southeastward. Philip was in his glory. All the towns of Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts were in terror, nearly all in actual danger. At Medfield twenty whites were killed. Deserted Mendon was burned. Weymouth was attacked, and eleven persons were massacred in the edge of Plymouth. In Groton and Marlborough every house was laid in ashes, as were all in lower Rhode Island up to Warwick, and in Warwick all but one. Sachem Canonchet of the Narragansets drew into ambush at Pawtuxet a band of Plymouth soldiers, of whom only one escaped. Canonchet was subsequently taken by Captain Denison and executed. Rehoboth lost forty houses, Providence nearly as many.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Connecticut Valley was invaded afresh. Springfield, Hadley, Northampton, and Hatfield were once more startled by the war-whoop and the whiz of the tomahawk. Captain Turner, hearing of an Indian camp at the falls of the Connecticut, now called by his name, in Montague, advanced with a troop of one hundred and eighty horse, arriving in sight of the encampment at daylight. Dismounting and proceeding stealthily to within sure shot, they beat up the Indians' quarters with a ringing volley of musketry. Resistance was impossible. Those who did not fall by bullet or sword rushed to the river, many being carried over the falls.&lt;br /&gt;Three hundred savages perished, the English losing but one man.  A large stock of the enemy's food and ammunition was also destroyed. Though so splendidly successful, the party did not return to Hadley without considerable loss, being set upon much of the way by Indians who had heard the firing at the falls and sped to the relief of their friends.&lt;br /&gt;Turner was killed in the meadows by Green River; his subordinate, Holyoke, then commanding the retreat.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1675.html"&gt;1675&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5677179228662451050?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5677179228662451050/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5677179228662451050' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5677179228662451050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5677179228662451050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1676.html' title='1676'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7959644625783743765</id><published>2009-05-10T03:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:06:20.168-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Taunton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Middleborough'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massasoit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Deerfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hatfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='indians'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dartmouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Springfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1675</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Simultaneously with the Stuart Restoration another cloud darkened the New England sky. Since the Pequot War, Indians and whites had in the main been friendly. This by itself is proof that our fathers were less unjust to the red men than is sometimes charged. They did assume the right to acquire lands here, and they had this right. The Indians were not in any proper sense owners of New England. They were few--by 1660 not more numerous than the pale-faces--and, far from settling or occupying the land, roamed from place to place. Had it been otherwise they, as barbarians, would have had no such claim upon the territory as to justify them in barring out civilization. However, the colonists did not plead this consideration. Whenever districts were desired to which Indians had any obvious title, it was both law and custom to pay them their price. In this, Roger Williams and William Penn were not peculiar.&lt;br /&gt;If individual white men sometimes cheated in land trades, as in other negotiations, the aggrieved side could not, and did not, regard this as the white man's policy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yet little by little the Indians came to distrust and hate the rival race. It did not matter to the son of the forest, even if he thought so far, that the neighborhood of civilization greatly bettered his lot in many things, as, for instance, giving him market for corn and peltry, which he could exchange for fire-arms, blankets, and all sorts of valuable conveniences. The efforts to teach and elevate him he appreciated still less. As has been said, he loved better to disfurnish the outside of other people's heads than to furnish the inside of his own. What he felt, and keenly, was that the newcomers treated him as an inferior, were day by day narrowing his range, and slowly but surely reducing his condition to that of a subject people. Dull as he was, he saw that one of three fates confronted him: to perish, to migrate, or to lay aside his savage character and mode of life. Such thoughts frenzied him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beautiful fidelity of Massasoit to the people of Plymouth is already familiar. His son Alexander, who succeeded him, was of a spirit diametrically the reverse. Convinced that he was plotting with the Narragansets for hostile action, the Governor and Council of Plymouth sent Major Winslow to bring him to court--for it must be remembered that Massasoit's tribe, the Pokanokets, had through him covenanted, though probably with no clear idea of what this meant, to be subject to the Plymouth government. Alexander, for some reason, became fatally ill while at Plymouth under arrest, dying before reaching home. The Indians suspected poison.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His brother Philip now became sachem. Philip already had a grudge against the whites, and was rendered trebly bitter by the indignity and violence, if nothing worse, to which Alexander had been subjected. He resolved upon war, and in 1675 war was begun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We shall never certainly know to what extent Philip was an organizer. We believe correct the view of Hubbard, the contemporary historian, that he had prepared a wide-spread and pretty well arranged conspiracy among the main tribes of New England Indians, which might have been fatal but for "the special providence of God," causing hostilities to break out ere the savages were ready. Palfrey challenges this view of the case, but on insufficient grounds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One Sausaman, an educated Indian, previously Philip's secretary, had left him and joined the Christian Indians settled at Natick. There were by this time several such communities, and also, according to Cotton Mather, many able Indian preachers. At the risk of his life, as he insisted, Sausaman had warned the Plymouth magistrates that danger impended. He was soon murdered, apparently by Philip's instigation. At least Philip never denied this, nor did he after this time ever again court friendly relations with Plymouth, which he had constantly done hitherto. On the contrary, re-enforcements of strange Indians, all ready for the war-path, were continually flocking to his camp, squaws and children at the same time going to the Narraganset country, manifestly for security.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Plymouth authorities, preparing for war, yet sent a kind letter to the sachem advising him to peace. In vain. At Swanzey, the town nearest Mount Hope, Philip's home, Indians at once began to kill and ravage, and Majors Bradford and Cudworth marched thither with a force of Plymouth soldiers. A Massachusetts contingent re-enforced them there, and they prepared to advance. Seeing it impossible to hold his own against so many, Philip crossed to Pocasset, now Tiverton, and swept rapidly round to Dartmouth, Middleborough, and Taunton, burning and murdering as he went. He then retired again to Tiverton, but in a few days started with all his warriors for central Massachusetts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here the Nipmucks, already at war, which indicated an understanding between them and the Pokanokets, had attacked Mendon. The day after Philip joined them there was a fight at Brookfield, the Nipmucks and their allies being victorious. They proceeded to burn the town nearly entire, though the inhabitants who survived, after a three days' siege in a fortified house, were relieved by troops from Boston just in the nick of time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Connecticut Valley was next the theatre of war. Springfield, Hatfield, Deerfield, and Northfield were attacked the last two having to be abandoned. At Hadley the onset occurred on a fast-day. The men rushed from their worship with their muskets, which were ready to hand in church, and hastily formed for battle. Bewildered by the unexpected assault, they were on the point of yielding, when, according to tradition, an aged hero with long beard and queer clothing appeared, placed himself at their head and directed their movements. His evident acquaintance with fighting restored order and courage. The savages were driven pell-mell out of town, but the pursuers looked in vain for their deliverer. If the account is correct, it was the regicide, General Goffe, who had been a secret guest in the house of the Rev. Mr. Russell.&lt;br /&gt;He could not in such danger refrain from engaging once again, as he had so often done during the Civil War in England, in the defence of God's people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From Hadley a party went to Deerfield to bring in the wheat that had been left when the town was deserted. Ninety picked men, the "flower of Essex," led by Captain Lothrop, attended the wagons as convoy. On their return, about seven o'clock in the morning, by a little stream in the present village of South Deerfield, since called Bloody Brook in memory of the event, the soldiers dispersed somewhat in quest of grapes, then ripe, when a sudden and fatal volley from an ambush was delivered upon them. The men had left their muskets in the wagons and could not regain them. Lothrop was shot dead, and but seven or eight of his company escaped alive. A monument marks the spot where this tragic affair occurred.&lt;br /&gt;So early as July, 1675, Massachusetts and Connecticut, acting for the New England Confederation, had effected a treaty with the strong tribe of the Narragansets in southern Rhode Island, engaging them to remain neutral and to surrender any of Philip's men coming within their jurisdiction. This agreement they did not keep. After the attacks on Springfield and Hatfield in October, great numbers of the Pokanoket braves came to them, evidently welcomed. To prevent their becoming a centre of mischief, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Plymouth despatched a thousand men to punish the Narragansets. They met the foe at the old Palisade, in the midst of a dense swamp in what is now South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The terrible cold which rendered this Narraganset campaign so severe had turned the marsh into a bridge, and at once on their arrival the soldiers, weary and hungry as they were from their long march, and spite of its being Sunday, advanced to the attack.&lt;br /&gt;Massachusetts was in front, then Plymouth, then Connecticut. Long and bitter was the fight. The Indians, perfect marksmen, took deadly aim at the leaders. Five captains were killed outright and as many more mortally wounded. The fort was taken, re-taken, and taken again, the whites at last, to make sure work, setting fire to the wigwams. The storming party lost in killed and wounded one-fifth of its number. This Swamp Fight, as it was called, broke forever the strength of the Narragansets, the tribe and its allies dispersing in all directions.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1690-1697.html"&gt;1690-1697&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7959644625783743765?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7959644625783743765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7959644625783743765' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7959644625783743765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7959644625783743765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1675.html' title='1675'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2155342768879938995</id><published>2009-05-10T03:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:05:30.705-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nova Scotia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sagadahoc'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Saint Croix'/><title type='text'>1690-1697</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;If in these things the new polity was inferior to the old, in two respects it was superior; Suffrage was now practically universal, and every species of religious profession, save Catholicism, made legal.&lt;br /&gt;Also, Massachusetts territory was enlarged southward to take in all Plymouth, eastward to embrace Maine (Sagadahoc) and Nova Scotia. Maine, henceforth including Sagadahoc, that is, all land eastward to the Saint Croix, remained part of Massachusetts till March 15, 1820, when it became a member of the Union by itself. Nova Scotia, over which Phips's conquest of Port Royal in 1690 had established a nominal rather than a real English authority, was assigned to France again by the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1688.html"&gt;1688&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2155342768879938995?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2155342768879938995/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2155342768879938995' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2155342768879938995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2155342768879938995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/05/1690-1697.html' title='1690-1697'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7969217180988586399</id><published>2009-04-22T14:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:04:51.259-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Hampshire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rhode Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colony'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1688</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1688.&lt;br /&gt;There is no describing the joy which pervaded New England as the news of the Revolution of 1688 flew from colony to colony. Andros slunk away from Boston, glad to escape alive. Drums beat and gala-day was kept. Old magistrates were reinstated. Town meetings were resumed. All believed that God had interposed, in answer to prayer, to bring deliverance to his people from popery and thraldom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This revolution, ushering in the liberal monarchy of William and Mary, restored to Rhode Island and Connecticut their old charter governments in full. New Hampshire, after a momentary union with Massachusetts again, became once more a royal province. As to Massachusetts itself, a large party of the citizens now either did not wish the old state of things renewed, or were too timid to agree in demanding back their charter as of right. Had they been bold and united, they might have succeeded in this without any opposition from the Crown. Instead, a new charter was conferred, creating Massachusetts also a royal province, yet with government more liberal than the other provinces of this order enjoyed. The governor was appointed by the Crown, and could convene, adjourn, or dissolve the Legislature. With the consent of his council he also created the judges, from whose highest sentence appeal could be taken to the Privy Council. The governor could veto legislation, and the king annul any law under three years old.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1685.html"&gt;1685&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7969217180988586399?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7969217180988586399/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7969217180988586399' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7969217180988586399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7969217180988586399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1688.html' title='1688'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2362318762235575965</id><published>2009-04-15T03:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:04:13.160-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sagadahoc'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rhode Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Jersey'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kennebec'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Delaware'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Newport'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1685</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Rhode Island had worse troubles than Connecticut. It, too, had boundary disputes, serious and perpetual; but graver by much were its internal feuds, caused partly by the mutual jealousy of its four towns, partly by the numerous and jarring religious persuasions here represented.&lt;br /&gt;Government was painfully feeble. Only with utmost difficulty could the necessary taxes be raised. Warwick in particular was for some time in arrears to John Clark, of Newport, for his invaluable services in securing the charter of 1663. Quakers and the divers sorts of Baptists valiantly warred each against other, using, with dreadful address, those most deadly of carnal weapons, tongue and pen. On George Fox's visit to the colony, Roger Williams, zealous for a debate, pursued the eminent Quaker from Providence to Newport, rowing thither in his canoe and arriving at midnight, only to find that his intended opponent had departed, The latter's champion was ready, however, and a discussion of four days ensued.&lt;br /&gt;Before its sentence of death reached Massachusetts Charles II. was no more, and James II., his brother, had ascended the throne. It was for a time uncertain what sort of authority the stricken colony would be called to accept. Already, as Duke of York, James II. had been Proprietary of Maine east of the Kennebec (Sagadahoc), as well as of Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Now that he had the problem of ruling Massachusetts to solve, it naturally occurred to the king to make Sir Edmond Andros, already governor of New York, master also over the whole of English America from the Saint Croix to the Delaware.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In southern New England the reign of Andros wrought no downright persecution. He suspended the charters, and, with an irresponsible council in each colony, assumed all legislative as well as administrative power. Rhode Island submitted tamely. Her sister colony did the same, save that, at Hartford, according to good tradition, in the midst of the altercation about delivering the charter, prolonged into candle-light, suddenly it was dark, and the precious document disappeared to a secure place in the hollow trunk of an oak. This tree, henceforth called the Charter Oak, stood till prostrated by a gale on August 20, 1856.&lt;br /&gt;But in Massachusetts the colonists' worst fears were realized. Andros, with a council of his own creation, made laws, levied taxes, and controlled the militia. He had authority to suppress all printing-presses and to encourage Episcopacy. In the latter interest he opened King's Chapel to the Prayer Book. His permission was required for any one to leave the colony. Extortionate fees and taxes were imposed.&lt;br /&gt;Puritans had to swear on the Bible, which they regarded wicked, or be disfranchised. Personal and proprietary rights were summarily set at naught, and all deeds to land were declared void till renewed—for money, of course. The citizens were reduced to a condition hardly short of slavery.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1668-1680.html"&gt;1668-1680&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2362318762235575965?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2362318762235575965/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2362318762235575965' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2362318762235575965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2362318762235575965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1685.html' title='1685'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4652089076905968699</id><published>2009-04-09T12:50:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:03:23.221-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Commonwealth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Merrimac'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colony'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kennebec'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rhode Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Hampshire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1668-1680</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1668.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vengeance for such defiance was delayed by Charles II.'s very vices. Clarendon's fall had left him surrounded by profligate aides, too timid and too indolent to face the resolute men of Massachusetts. They often discussed the contumacy of the colony, but went no further than words. Massachusetts was even encouraged, in 1668, forcibly to reassert its authority in Maine, against rule either by the king or by Sir Ferdinanda Gorges's heir as proprietary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Its charter had assigned to the colony land to a point three miles north of the Merrimac. Bold in the favor of the Commonwealth, the authorities measured from the head-waters of that river. But Plymouth had originally claimed all the territory west of the Kennebec, and had sold it to Gorges. Charles II. favored the Gorges heirs against Massachusetts, and for some years previous to 1668 Massachusetts' power over Maine had been in abeyance. Ten years later, in 1678, to make assurance doubly sure, Massachusetts bought off the Gorges claimants, at the round price of twelve hundred and fifty pounds sterling.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1673.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From 1641 Massachusetts had borne sway in New Hampshire as well, ignoring John Mason's claim under Charles I.'s charters of 1629 and 1635, still urged by one of Mason's grandsons, backed by Charles II.&lt;br /&gt;Here Massachusetts was beaten. In July, 1679, New Hampshire was permanently separated from her, and erected into a royal province, of a nature to be explained in a subsequent chapter, being the earliest government of this kind in New England.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1680.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though having no quarrel with the king, the two southern colonies were not without their trials. Connecticut, besides continual fear of the Dutch and the Indians, was much agitated by the controversy over the question whether children of moral parents not church members should be baptized, a question at length settled affirmatively by the so-called Half-Way Covenant. It also had its boundary disputes with Massachusetts, with Rhode Island--for Connecticut took the Narragansett River of its charter to be the bay of that name--and with New York, which, by the Duke of York's new patent, issued on the recovery of that province from the Dutch in 1674, reached the Connecticut River. During England's war with Holland, 1672-74, all the colonies stood in some fear of Dutch attacks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1662-1664.html"&gt;1662-1664&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4652089076905968699?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4652089076905968699/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4652089076905968699' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4652089076905968699'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4652089076905968699'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1668-1680.html' title='1668-1680'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-9075187552724540485</id><published>2009-04-09T12:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:02:41.746-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colonies'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rhode Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Haven'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Portsmouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Boston'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Providence'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Newport'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colonial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut'/><title type='text'>1662-1664</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1662.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These territorial assumptions on the part of Massachusetts much increased the king's hostility. This probably would not have proved fatal had it not been re-enforced by the determination of the merchants and manufacturers of the mother-country to crush what they feared was becoming a rival power beyond seas. They insisted upon full enforcement of the Navigation Laws, which made America's foreign trade in a cruel degree subservient to English interest. So incorrigible was the colony, it was found that this end could be compassed only by the abrogation of the charter, so that English law might become immediately valid in Massachusetts, colonial laws to the contrary notwithstanding.&lt;br /&gt;Accordingly, in 1684, the charter was vacated and the colonists ceased to be free, their old government with its popular representation giving way to an arbitrary commission.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other New England colonies--Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven--had made haste to proclaim Charles II. so soon as restored to the throne, and to begin carrying on their governments in his name. That beautiful and able man, the younger Winthrop, sped to London on Connecticut's behalf, and, aided by his colony's friends at court, the Earls of Clarendon and Manchester and Viscount Say and Seal, in 1662 secured to Connecticut, now made to include New Haven, a charter so liberal that it continued till October 5, 1818, the ground law of the State, then to be supplanted only by a close vote. Under this paper, which declared all lands between the Narragansett River and the Pacific Ocean Connecticut territory, Connecticut received every whit of that right to govern itself which Charles was so sternly challenging in the case of Massachusetts.&lt;br /&gt;From this time on, as indeed earlier, Connecticut was for many years perhaps the most delightful example of popular government in all history. Connecticut and New Haven together had about ten thousand inhabitants. Their rulers were just, wise, and of a mind truly to serve the people. Here none were persecuted for their faith. Education was universal. Few were poor, none very rich. Nearly all supplies were of domestic production, nothing as yet being exported but a few cattle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under the second Charles Rhode Island fared quite as well as Connecticut. This was remarkable, inasmuch as the little colony of three thousand souls, in their four towns of Providence, Newport, Portsmouth, and Warwick, insisted on "holding forth the lively experiment"--and it proved lively indeed--"of full liberty in religious concernments."&lt;br /&gt;Charles did not oppose this, and Clarendon favored it, a motive of both here, as with Connecticut, being to rear in New England a power friendly to the Crown, that should rival and check Massachusetts. Both these commonwealths were granted absolute independence in all but name. No oath of allegiance to the king was demanded. Appeals to England were not provided for.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1664.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manifestly the king would not grant so much. On the occasion of his confirming the charter he demanded that the oath of allegiance be taken by the people of the colony; that justice be administered there in his name; and that the franchise be extended to all freemen of sufficient substance, with the liberty to use in worship, public and private, the forms of the English Church. The people obeyed but in part, for they would not even appear to admit the king's will to be their law.  The franchise was slightly extended, in a grudging way, but no new religious privileges were at this time conceded. Unfortunately political and religious liberty were now in conflict. It was worse for the Baptists and Quakers that the king favored them, and the treatment which they received in the colony inclined them to the royalist side in the controversy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In July, 1664, commissioners arrived in Boston with full authority to investigate the administration of the New England charters. Such a procedure not being provided for in the Massachusetts document, the General Court, backed by the citizens almost to a man, successfully prevented complainants from appearing before the commission. The commissioners having summoned the colony as defendant in a certain case, a herald trumpeted proclamation through the streets, on the morning set for the trial, inhibiting all from aiding their designs. The trial collapsed, and the gentlemen who had ordered it, baffled and disgusted, moved on to New Hampshire, there also to be balked by a decree of the Massachusetts Governor and Council forbidding the towns so much as to meet at their behest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1660-1661.html"&gt;1660-1661&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-9075187552724540485?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/9075187552724540485/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=9075187552724540485' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9075187552724540485'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/9075187552724540485'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1662-1664.html' title='1662-1664'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-398608351570964296</id><published>2009-04-05T16:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:01:58.203-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hadley'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Northampton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brookfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colony'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plymouth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Boston'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lancaster'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dedham'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut Valley'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Concord'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marlborough'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Springfield'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>1660-1661</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;[1660]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Commonwealth in England went to pieces at the death of Oliver Cromwell, its founder. The Stuart dynasty came back, but, alas! unimproved. Charles II. was a much meaner man than his father, and James II. was more detestable still. The rule of such kings was destined to work sad changes in the hitherto free condition of Massachusetts. This colony had sympathized with the Commonwealth more heartily than any of the others. Hither had fled for refuge Goffe and Whalley, two of the accomplices in the death of Charles I. Congregational church polity was here established by law, to the exclusion of all others, even of episcopacy, for whose sake Charles was harrying poor Covenanters to death on every hillside in Scotland. Nor would his lawyers let the King forget Charles I.'s attack on the Massachusetts charter, begun so early as 1635, or the grounds therefor, such as the unwarranted transfer of it to Boston, or the likelihood that but for the outbreak of the Civil War it would have been annulled by the Long Parliament itself. Obviously Massachusetts could not hope to be let alone by the home government which had just come in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first the king, graciously responding to the colony's humble petition, confirmed the charter granted by his father; but no sooner had he done so than the hot royalists about him began plotting to overthrow the same, and their purpose never slumbered till it was accomplished. Massachusetts was too prosperous and too visibly destined for great power in America to be suffered longer to go its independent way as hitherto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1661]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The province--as yet, of course, excluding Plymouth with its twelve towns and five thousand inhabitants--contained at this time, 1660, about twenty-five thousand souls, living in fifty-two towns. These were nearly all on the coast; Dedham, Concord, Brookfield, Lancaster, Marlborough, and the Connecticut Valley hamlets of Springfield, Hadley, and Northampton being the most noteworthy exceptions. Though agriculture was the principal business, fishing was a staple industry, its product going to France, Spain, and the Straits. Pipe-staves, fir-boards, much material for ships, as masts, pitch and tar, also pork and beef, horses and corn, were shipped from this colony to Virginia, in return for tobacco and sugar either for home consumption or for export to England.&lt;br /&gt;Some iron was manufactured. The province enjoyed great prosperity. Boston stood forth as a lively and growing centre, and an English traveller about this time declared some of its merchants to be "damnable rich."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As their most precious possession the colonists prized their liberties, which they claimed in virtue of their original patent. In a paper which it put forth on June 10, 1661, the General Court asserted for the colony the right to elect and empower its own officers, both high and low, to make its laws, to execute the same without appeal so long as they were not repugnant to those of England, and to defend itself by force and arms when necessary, against every infringement of its rights, even from acts of Parliament or of the king, if prejudicial to the country or contrary to just colonial legislation. In a word Massachusetts, even so early, regarded itself to all intents and purposes an independent State, and would have proclaimed accordingly had it felt sufficiently strong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1645-1660.html"&gt;1645-1660&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-398608351570964296?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/398608351570964296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=398608351570964296' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/398608351570964296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/398608351570964296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1660-1661.html' title='1660-1661'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2686728728548040450</id><published>2009-04-05T16:11:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:32:44.776-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Long Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='indians'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Manhattan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Stamford'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pequot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='war'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Haven'/><title type='text'>1645-1660</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;[1645]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The colony was in extremity. New Haven refused to aid, because, as a member of the New England confederacy, it could not act alone, and because it was not satisfied that the Dutch war was just. An appeal was made by Kieft's eight advisers to both the States-General and the West India Company in Holland. The sad condition of the colonists was fully set forth, and the responsibility directly ascribed to the mismanagement of Kieft. At the same time, undismayed by the gloomy outlook, the courage of the sturdy Dutchmen rose with the emergency. Small parties were sent out against the Connecticut savages in the vicinity of Stamford. Indian villages on Long Island were surprised and the natives put to the sword. In two instances at least the victors disgraced humanity by torturing the captured.&lt;br /&gt;In these engagements Underhill was conspicuous and most energetic.&lt;br /&gt;Having made himself familiar with the position of the Indians near Stamford, he sailed from Manhattan with one hundred and fifty men, landed at Greenwich, and, marching all day, at midnight drew near the enemy. His approach was not wholly unannounced, for the moon was full.&lt;br /&gt;The fight was desperate and bloody. The tragedy that had made memorable the banks of the Mystic in the destruction of the Pequot fort was now almost equalled. After the example of his old comrade Mason, Underhill fired the village. By flame, shot, or sword more than five hundred human beings perished.&lt;br /&gt;While New Netherland was awaiting some message of cheer from Holland, a company of Dutch soldiers came from Curacoa, but they did little to follow up the successes already gained. Again the Eight sent a memorial to the company, boldly condemning the conduct of the director and demanding his recall. Their remonstrances were at last heeded, and the removal of the unpopular governor resolved upon. In 1647 Kieft set sail for Holland, but the ship was wrecked, and he with nearly all on board was drowned.&lt;br /&gt;It was high time for a change. In the two years, 1643-45, while sixteen hundred Indians had been slain, Manhattan had become nearly depopulated.&lt;br /&gt;In 1645 peace was concluded, not only with the smaller tribes in the vicinity, but also with the powerful Mohawks about Fort Orange, and finally with all the Indians belonging to the Five Nations or acknowledging their authority. A pleasing incident of this treaty was the promise of the Indians to restore the eight-year-old granddaughter of Mrs. Hutchinson, a promise which they faithfully performed in 1646.&lt;br /&gt;The great compact was made under the shadow of the Fort Amsterdam walls, and the universal joy was expressed by a day of thanksgiving.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1650-1660]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An interval of peace for ten years was now enjoyed, when the killing of a squaw for stealing some peaches led to an attack by several hundred of the infuriated savages upon New Amsterdam. They were repulsed here, but crossing to the shore of New Jersey they laid waste the settlements there. Staten Island, too, was swept with fire and sword. One hundred people were slain, 150 more taken captive, 300 made homeless. Peace was again effected and maintained for three years, when fresh quarrels began. It was not until 1660 that a more general and lasting treaty was brought about, on which occasion a Mohawk and a Minqua chief gave pledges in behalf of the Indians, and acted as mediators between the contending parties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1640-1643.html"&gt;1640-1643&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2686728728548040450?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2686728728548040450/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2686728728548040450' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2686728728548040450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2686728728548040450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1645-1660.html' title='1645-1660'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4926964753820401244</id><published>2009-04-01T11:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:01:13.660-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='indian'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Long Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='East River'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='the Hudson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dutch'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pavonia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fort Amsterdam'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Staten Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Rochelle'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='warfare'/><title type='text'>1640-1643</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1640-1643.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Dutch, too, as we have to some extent seen already, felt the horrors of Indian warfare. Kieft, the Dutch director-general, a man cruel, avaricious, and obstinate, angered the red men by demanding tribute from them as their protector, while he refused them guns or ammunition. The savages replied that they had to their own cost shown kindness to the Dutch when in need of food, but would not pay tribute. Kieft attacked. Some of the Indians were killed and their crops destroyed. This roused their revengeful passions to the utmost. The Raritan savages visited the colony of De Vries, on Staten Island, with death and devastation. Reward was offered for the head of anyone of the murderers. An Indian never forgot an injury. The nephew of one of the natives who twenty years before had been wantonly killed went to sell furs at Fort Amsterdam, and while there revenged his uncle's murder by the slaughter of an unoffending colonist. Spite of warlike preparations by Kieft and his assembly in 1641-42, the tribe would not give up the culprit. The following year another settler was knifed by a drunken Indian.  Wampum was indeed offered in atonement, while an indignant plea was urged by the savages against the liquor traffic, which demoralized their Young men and rendered them dangerous alike to friend and foe. But remonstrance and blood-money could not satisfy Kieft. At Pavonia and at Corlaer's Hook&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;  the Dutch fell venomously upon the sleeping and unsuspecting enemy. Men, women, and children were slaughtered, none spared. In turn the tribes along the lower Hudson, to the number of eleven, united and desperately attacked the Dutch wherever found. Only near the walls of Fort Amsterdam was there safety. The governor appointed a day of fasting, which it seems was kept with effect. The sale of liquor to the red men was at last prohibited, and peace for a time secured.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soon, however, the redskins along the Hudson were again up in arms. The noted Underhill, who with Mason had been the scourge of the Pequots, came to the fight with fifty Englishmen as allies of the Dutch. Not waiting to be attacked, the Indians laid waste the settlements, even threatening Fort Amsterdam itself. At a place now known as Pelham Neck, near New Rochelle, lived the famous but unfortunate Mrs. Hutchinson, a fugitive from the persecuting zeal of Massachusetts. Here the implacable savages butchered her and her family in cold blood. Her Little granddaughter alone was spared, and led captive to a far-off wigwam prison. Only at Gravesend, on Long Island, was a successful stand made, and that by a woman, Lady Deborah Moody, another exile from religious persecution, who with forty stout-hearted men defended her plantation and compelled the savages to beat a retreat.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1638-1642.html"&gt;1638-1642&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Now in the New York City limits, just below Broadway Ferry, East River.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4926964753820401244?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4926964753820401244/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4926964753820401244' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4926964753820401244'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4926964753820401244'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1640-1643.html' title='1640-1643'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1059685577620335604</id><published>2009-04-01T11:30:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T02:59:29.470-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massachusetts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colonies'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uncas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pequots'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Boston'/><title type='text'>1638-1642</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;l638.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For nearly forty years the New England colonies were not again molested, the merciless vigor with which they had fought making a lasting impression upon their blood-thirsty foes. The cruel slavery to which the surviving natives were subjected, the English justified by the example of the Jews in their treatment of the Canaanites.&lt;br /&gt;1642.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Narraganset chief, Miantonomoh, had become the friend and ally of the English by a treaty ratified in 1636, mainly through the good offices of Roger Williams, In 1638, after the destruction of the Pequots, there was a new treaty, embracing Uncas with his bold Mohegans, and stipulating that any quarrel between Miantonomoh and Uncas should be referred to the English. In 1642 Miantonomoh was accused of plotting against the English, and summoned before the General Court at Boston.&lt;br /&gt;Though acquitted he vowed revenge upon Uncas as the instigator of the charge. His friendship for Roger Williams, as also for Samuel Gorton, the purchaser of Shawomet, or Warwick, R. I., which was claimed by Massachusetts, had perhaps created a prejudice against him. At any rate, when a quarrel arose between Uncas and Sequasson, Miantonomoh's friend and ally, while the latter naturally sided with Sequasson, the sympathies of the English were with Uncas, who had aided them against the Pequots. With the consent of Connecticut and Massachusetts Miantonomoh took the field against Uncas, who had attacked Sequasson. He was defeated and taken prisoner. Carried to Hartford he was held to await the decision of the Commissioners of the United Colonies at Boston. They would not release him, yet had no valid ground for putting him to death. The case was referred to five clergymen, and they voted for his execution. For this purpose the commissioners gave orders to turn the brave warrior over to Uncas, English witnesses to be present and see that no cruelty was perpetrated. The sentence was carried into effect near Norwich. Cutting a piece of flesh from the shoulder of his murdered enemy, Uncas ate it with savage relish, declaring it to be the sweetest meat he had ever tasted.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1637.html"&gt;1637&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1059685577620335604?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1059685577620335604/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1059685577620335604' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1059685577620335604'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1059685577620335604'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/04/1638-1642.html' title='1638-1642'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5738607387302760734</id><published>2009-03-29T10:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T10:48:33.760-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Assyrian'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='excavations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nineveh'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tablets'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='library'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='medes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tigris'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nebo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='temple'/><title type='text'>The Discovery of the Tablets at Nineveh</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;The Discovery of the Tablets at Nineveh by Layard, Rassam and Smith.&lt;br /&gt;In 1845–47 and again in 1849–51 Mr. (later Sir) A. H. Layard carried out a series of excavations among the ruins of the ancient city of Nineveh, "that great city, wherein are more than sixteen thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left; and also much cattle" (Jonah iv, II). Its ruins lie on the left or east bank of the Tigris, exactly opposite the town of Al-Mawsil, or Môsul, which was founded by the Sassanians and marks the site of Western Nineveh. At first Layard thought that these ruins were not those of Nineveh, which he placed at Nimrûd, about 20 miles downstream, but of one of the other cities that were builded by Asshur (see Gen. x, 11, 12)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;. Thanks, however, to Christian, Roman and Muhammadan tradition, there is no room for doubt about it, and the site of Nineveh has always been known. The fortress which the Arabs built there in the seventh century was known as "Kal'at-Nînawî, i.e., "Nineveh Castle," for many centuries, and all the Arab geographers agree in saying that tile mounds opposite Môsul contain the ruins of the palaces and walls of Nineveh. And few of them fail to mention that close by them is "Tall Nabi Yûnis," i.e., the Hill from which the Prophet Jonah preached repentance to the inhabitants of Nineveh, that "exceeding great city of three days' journey" (Jonah iii, 3). Local tradition also declares that the prophet was buried in the Hill, and his supposed tomb is shown there to this day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Walls and Palaces of Nineveh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The situation of the ruins of the palaces of Nineveh is well shown by the accompanying reproduction of the plan of the city made by Commander Felix Jones, I.N. The remains of the older palaces built by Sargon II (B.C. 721–705), Sennacherib (B.C. 705–681), and Esarhaddon (B.C. 681–668) lie under the hill called Nabi Yûnis, and those of the palaces and other buildings of Ashur-bani-pal (B.C. 681–626) under the mound which is known locally as "Tall al-'Armûshîyah," i.e., "The Hill of 'Armûsh," and "Kuyûnjik." The latter name is said to be derived from two Turkish words meaning "many sheep," in allusion to the large flocks of sheep that find their pasture on and about the mound in the early spring. These two great mounds lie close to the remains of the great west wall of Nineveh, which in the time of the last Assyrian Empire was washed by the waters of the river Tigris. At some unknown period the course of the river changed, and it is now more than a mile distant from the city wall. The river Khausur, or Khoser, divides the area of Nineveh into two parts, and passing close to the southern end of Kuyûnjik empties itself into the Tigris. The ruins of the wails of Nineveh show that the east wall was 16,000 feet long, the north wall 7,000 feet long, the west wall 13,600 feet, and the south wall 3,000 feet; its circuit was about 13,200 yards or 7½ miles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Discovery of the Library of the Temple of Nebo at Nineveh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the spring of 1852 Layard, assisted by H. Rassam, continued the excavation of the "South West Palace" at Kuyûnjik. In one part of the building he found two small chambers, opening into each other, which he called the "chamber of records," or "the house of the rolls." He gave them this name because "to the height of a foot or more from the floor they were entirely filled" with inscribed baked clay tablets and fragments of tablets. Some tablets were complete, but by far the larger number of them had been broken up into many fragments, probably by the falling in of the roof and upper parts of the walls of the buildings when the city was pillaged and set on fire by the Medes and Babylonians. The tablets that were kept in these chambers numbered many thousands. Besides those that were found in them by Layard, large numbers have been dug out all along the corridor which passed the chambers and led to the river, and a considerable number were kicked on to the river front by the feet of the terrified fugitives from the palace when it was set on fire. The tablets found by Layard were of different sizes; the largest were rectangular, flat on one side and convex on the other, and measured about 9 ins. by 6½ ins., and the smallest were about an inch square. The importance of this "find" was not sufficiently recognized at the time, for the tablets, which were thought to be decorated pottery, were thrown into baskets and sent down the river loose on rafts to Basrah, whence they were despatched to England on a British man o' war. During their transport from Nineveh to England they suffered more damage from want of packing than they had suffered from the wrath of the Medes. Among the complete tablets that were found in the two chambers several had colophons inscribed or scratched upon them, and when these were deciphered by Rawlinson, Hincks and Oppert a few years later, it became evident that they had formed part of the library of the Temple of Nebo at Nineveh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nebo and His Library at Nineveh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nothing is known of the early history of the Library1 of the Temple of Nebo at Nineveh. There is little doubt that it was in existence in the reign of Sargon II, and it was probably founded at the instance of the priests of Nebo who were settled at Nimrûd (the Calah of Gen. X, 11), about 20 miles downstream of Nineveh. Authorities differ in their estimate of the attributes that were assigned to Nebo (Nabu) in Pre-Babylonian times, and cannot decide whether he was a water-god, or a fire-god, or a corn-god, but he was undoubtedly associated with Marduk, either as his son or as a fellow-god. It is certain that as early as B.C. 2000 he was regarded as one of the "Great Gods" of Babylonia, and about 1,200 years later his cult was general in Assyria. He had a temple at Nimrûd in the ninth century B.C., and King Adad-Nirari (B.C. 811–783) set up six statues in it to the honour of the god; two of these statues are now in the British Museum. Under the last Assyrian Empire he was believed to possess the wisdom of all the gods, and to be the "All-wise" and "All-knowing." He was the inventor of all the arts and sciences, and the source of inspiration in wise and learned men, and he was the divine scribe and past master of all the mysteries connected with literature and the art of writing (, duppu sharrute). Ashur-bani-pal addresses him as "Nebo, the beneficent son, the director of the hosts of heaven and of earth, holder of the tablet of knowledge, bearer of the writing-reed of destiny, lengthener of days, vivifier of the dead, stablisher of light for the men who are troubled" (see tablet R.M. 132) In the reign of Sargon II the temple library of Nebo was probably housed in some building at or near Nabi Yûnis, or, as George Smith thought, near Kuyûnjik, or at Kuyûnjik itself. As Layard found the remains of Nebo's Library in the South West Palace, it is probable that Ashur-bani-pal built a new temple to Nebo there and had the library transferred to it. Nebo's temple at Nineveh bore the same name as his very ancient temple at Borsippa (the modern Birs-i-Nimrûd), viz., "E-Zida."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2007/10/senaqueribsennacheribsanchribsenaquerib.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Senaquerib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/11/babylon.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Babylon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2008/04/babilonia-babylonia-babylon-babylone.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Babilonia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt; “From that land he went to Assyria an built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (that is the principal city).”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6438340095984974096#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt; The Babylonian Story of the Deluge as Told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh, by E. A. Wallis Budge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5738607387302760734?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5738607387302760734/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5738607387302760734' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5738607387302760734'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5738607387302760734'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/discovery-of-tablets-at-nineveh.html' title='The Discovery of the Tablets at Nineveh'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-8371726620904493481</id><published>2009-03-26T15:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:27:24.865-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Connecticut River'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mohegans'/><title type='text'>1637</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Troubles between the Indians and the whites arose so early as 1636. John Oldham was murdered on Block Island by a party of Pequot Indians. Vane of Massachusetts sent Endicott to inflict punishment. The Pequots in turn attacked the fort at Saybrook, and in 1637 threatened Wethersfield.&lt;br /&gt;They were planning a union with the Narragansets for the destruction of the English, when Roger Williams informed the Massachusetts colony of their designs and, at the urgent request of the governor and council, hastened to the chief of the Narragansets and dissuaded him from entering into the alliance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The moment was critical. Captain Mason with about ninety English and seventy Mohegans, under their sachem, Uncas (a sub chief, who with his district, Mohegan, had rebelled against the Pequot sachem, Sassacus), was sent from Hartford down the Connecticut River. Entering the Sound, he sailed past the mouth of the Thames and anchored in Narragansett Bay, at the foot of Tower Hill, near Point Judith. He knew that keen-eyed scouts from the Pequot stronghold on the west bank of the Mystic River, near Groton, had, as his three little ships skirted the shore, been watching him, to give warning of his approach. He therefore resolved to come upon the enemy from an unlooked-for quarter. This plan was directly contrary to his instructions, which required him to land at the mouth of the Thames and attack the fort from the west side. He hoped, marching westward across the country, to take the enemy by surprise on their unprotected rear, while the Indians, trusting in the strength of their fort, as it fronted the west, should believe themselves secure.&lt;br /&gt;Thirteen men had been sent back to the Thames with the vessels. Two hundred Narragansets had joined the expedition, though their sachem, Miantonomoh, thought the English too weak to fight the dreaded Pequots. Mason's enterprise was admirably planned, and he was as fortunate as he was bold and skilful. He divided his men into two parties. One, led by Underhill, climbed the steep ascent on the south side of the Indian village; the other, directed by Mason himself, mounted the northern slope. The garrison was buried in slumber, made more profound by carousals the preceding night. One Indian was heard to cry out "Englishmen" before the volley of musketry from the attacking force told that the white enemy had come. Mason entered a wigwam and fought, as did the others, hand-to-hand with the now awakened and desperate foe. Coming out with a firebrand and exclaiming "We must burn them," he set fire to the wigwam. The flames were quickly carried through the fort by the northeast wind. Underhill from his side applied powder. So rapidly did the flames spread that the English had difficulty in making good their escape, while the Pequots who escaped the sword were doomed to perish by fire. In an hour's time from four hundred to six hundred had fallen, more than half of them women and children. Of the Englishmen two were killed and about twenty wounded. In this dreadful slaughter the Narragansets had little share, for they had shown such fear that Mason had said to Uncas, "Tell them not to fly, but stand at what distance they please and see whether Englishmen will now fight or not."&lt;br /&gt;With the approach of day three hundred Pequots advanced from a second fort intending to fight, but they were struck with horror at the sight of their dead fellow-warriors. Keeping the enemy at bay, the English marched to the vessels, which had arrived at Pequot Harbor, and, placing the wounded on board, continued their march to Saybrook. The remnant of the Pequots sought to escape from the country, moving westward along the Sound. Captain Stoughton, sent with one hundred and twenty Massachusetts men, was guided by the Narragansets to a swamp in which a little band of those hostile savages had hidden. The men were slain, offering Little resistance. The women and children were divided among the Indian allies or sold into slavery by the colonists of Massachusetts Bay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mason and Stoughton together sailed from Saybrook along the shore, while Uncas with his men tracked the fugitives by land. At Guilford a Pequot sachem was entrapped, shot, and his head thrust into the crotch of an oak-tree near the harbor, giving the place the name of Sachem's Head.&lt;br /&gt;Near the town of Fairfield a last stand was made by the hunted redskins, in a swamp, to which the English were guided by a renegade Pequot. The tribe with whom the Pequots had taken shelter, also the women and children, were allowed to give themselves up. The men were shot down or broke through and escaped. The wife of Mononotto fell into the hands of the English. This Indian squaw had once shown kindness to two captive girls, and by Winthrop's orders she was kindly treated in return. The Pequots, once so powerful, were well-nigh exterminated. Those taken prisoners were spared only to be held in bondage, Mononotto's wife with the rest. Some were absorbed by the Narragansets, others by the Mohegans, while the settlers of Connecticut, upon whom the war had fallen so heavily, came into possession of the Pequot land.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1634-1638.html"&gt;1634-1638&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-8371726620904493481?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/8371726620904493481/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=8371726620904493481' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8371726620904493481'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/8371726620904493481'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1637.html' title='1637'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3445552909790609630</id><published>2009-03-24T14:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:07:13.106-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bahia Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Amazonas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rio de Janeiro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>Brasil 1565-1580</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1565--1567.&lt;br /&gt;Em Março de 1565 desembarca Estacio de Sá junto ao monte Pão-d'Assucar no Rio de Janeiro. Depois de longa resistencia dos Francezes, ajudado pelo Governador seu Tio, pelos PP. Nobrega e Anchietta, e pelo Indio Ararigboia, consegue expellir definitivamente os invasores depois de lhes tomar o forte Uraçumiri (1567): porém não poude colher os louros da victoria por expirar poucos dias depois, de huma gloriosa ferida que recebera.--Os Francezes sahindo do Rio de Janeiro tentão apossar-se de Pernambuco; porém são com denodo repellidos pelo Governador da Capitania.&lt;br /&gt;1568.&lt;br /&gt;He acclamado Rei D. Sebastião (20 de Janeiro), tendo apenas 14 annos de idade.--Salvador Corrêa de Sá e Benavides, que muito se distinguira na expulsão dos Francezes, é nomeado Governador do Rio de Janeiro, e lança os fundamentos da Cidade de S. Sebastião na margem occidental da bahia (é hoje a Capital do Imperio), cujo plano já fôra traçado por Mem de Sá.--Auxiliado pelo celebre Ararigboia (ou Martim Affonso de Sousa, que não devemos confundir com Tebyriçá) repelle os Francezes e Tamoyos que tinhão vindo attacal-o inopinadamente para se vingarem da derrota antecedente.&lt;br /&gt;1572.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chega á Bahia o Governador Geral Luiz de Brito de Almeida; porém não logra muito tempo o governo geral do Brasil, porque a Metropole julgou conveniente dividir o Brasil em 2 governos geraes. Assim as Capitanias do N. até o Rio Belmonte estavão sujeitas a hum Governador Geral com sua séde na Bahia; as do Sul desde esse Rio até o Prata obedecião a outro Governador Geral com sua séde no Rio de Janeiro: os Governadores erão totalmente independentes hum do outro. Luiz de Brito ficou com o governo do N.; e o do S. foi confiado ao Doutor Antonio Salema.--Por esta épocha tem lugar a grande emigração dos Tupinambás para o centro do paiz, os quaes provavelmente chegárão até o Amazonas.&lt;br /&gt;1573.&lt;br /&gt;Sebastião Fernandes Toyrinho sahe de Porto-Seguro; e subindo o Rio Doce em busca de minas de metaes preciosos, descobre grande parte do territorio hoje occupado pela Provincia de Minas-Geraes.&lt;br /&gt;1576.&lt;br /&gt;He o Brasil de novo reduzido ao governo de hum só Governador Geral com sua séde na Bahia. He elle confiado a Luiz de Brito.&lt;br /&gt;1578.&lt;br /&gt;Diogo Lourenço da Veiga vem substituir Luiz de Brito no Governo Geral.--Por ordem sua vai João Tavares estabelecer-se na Parahyba do Norte ou Itamaracá, que fôra abandonada pelo seu primeiro Donatario.--Neste mesmo anno El-Rei D. Sebastião querendo vingar os revezes e affrontas dos Portuguezes em Africa, ávido de gloria militar, desejoso de combater os infieis, e mais que tudo incitado por vís aduladores e pelos Jezuitas, parte para Africa: onde perde a vida com a flôr do exercito na sempre terrivel e memoravel batalha de Alcaçarquivir (4 de Agosto).--He acclamado Rei o Cardeal Infante D. Henrique.&lt;br /&gt;1580.&lt;br /&gt;Depois de hum reinado de 16 mezes fallece o Cardeal Rei (31 de Janeiro): e deixa a corôa do Reino entregue a disputas entre varios pretendentes. Entre estes se distinguião D. Antonio, Prior do Crato, a Duqueza de Bragança, e Philippe II. de Castella--D. Antonio já havia sido escolhido e coroado, quando entra em Portugal hum exercito Hespanhol ao mando do Duque d'Alva.--Em consequencia da invasão he Philippe II. de Castella reconhecido Rei de Portugal pelas Côrtes reunidas em Thomar.--O Brasil segue portanto a sorte da Metropole, e passa ao dominio Hespanhol.--Neste mesmo anno o Governador Geral Diogo Lourenço da Veiga, achando-se prestes a morrer, entrega o governo ao Senado da Camara da Bahia e ao Ouvidor Geral Cosme Rangel de Macedo: foi este o governo interino até a chegada do novo Governador Geral.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leia também:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1534-1548.html"&gt;Brasil 1534-1548&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3445552909790609630?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3445552909790609630/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3445552909790609630' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3445552909790609630'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3445552909790609630'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1565-1580.html' title='Brasil 1565-1580'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6755772844251145521</id><published>2009-03-23T06:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:06:15.001-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bahia Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rio de Janeiro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>Brasil 1549-1564</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1549.&lt;br /&gt;Tendo sido dada aos Donatarios illimitada jurisdição civil e criminal sobre as suas respectivas Capitanias, concedendo-se-lhes até impor a pena de morte, mesmo ás pessoas de mór qualidade; e provindo d'ahi innumeros males porque o abuso dos Senhores Donatarios ia-se tornando intoleravel, a anarchia reinava, os colonos erão opprimidos, os Indios barbaramente perseguidos; indispensavel era que o Brasil fosse governado por huma autoridade superior que servisse de centro commum, á que todos obedecessem. Assim creou El-Rei D. João III, melhor instruido pela propria experiencia, o cargo de Governador Geral do Brasil, que confiou a Thomé de Sousa. A 28 de Março chega este á Bahia, trazendo em sua companhia os primeiros Jezuitas que pizarão no Brasil. Coadjuvado por Caramurú consegue estabelecer-se na Bahia, e funda a cidade de S. Salvador, séde do Governo.&lt;br /&gt;1552.&lt;br /&gt;Chega á Bahia o primeiro Bispo do Brasil D. Pedro Fernandes Sardinha; o qual consegue apaziguar por algum tempo as desavenças entre o Clero e os Jezuitas.&lt;br /&gt;1553.&lt;br /&gt;Thomé de Sousa retira-se e he substituido no Governo Geral por Duarte da Costa. Com o novo Governador vierão alguns Jezuitas, entre os quaes o famoso José Anchietta, denominado o Apostolo do Novo Mundo. Já com Thomé de Sousa viera Manoel da Nobrega. A estes dous Padres he o Brasil devedor de muitos e mui relevantes serviços.&lt;br /&gt;1554.&lt;br /&gt;Reconhecendo o Governador Geral vistas ambiciosas nos Jezuitas, nega-lhes o seu apoio. Estes retirão-se para o Sul, e fundão junto ás planicies de Piratininga huma povoação, e o Collegio de S. Paulo, donde veio o nome á cidade e provincia hoje assim chamadas.&lt;br /&gt;1555.&lt;br /&gt;O desejo de conquista, e a ambição de riquezas levão estrangeiros a tentarem expedições á America. Nicolau Durand Villegaignon, sob o falso pretexto de fazer propagar o Calvinismo, protegido pelo Almirante Gaspar de Coligny, chega com huma expedição Franceza á bahia de Nictherohy, e construe no centro della sobre huma pequena ilha hum forte que denominou--de Coligny--(ou Villegaignon).&lt;br /&gt;1557.&lt;br /&gt;Morre El-Rei D. João III. (11 de Junho). Fica na minoridade D. Sebastião, neto e successor do Rei.&lt;br /&gt;1557.&lt;br /&gt;He Regente do Reino a Rainha Catharina d'Austria.&lt;br /&gt;1558.&lt;br /&gt;Chega ao Brasil o Governador Geral Mem de Sá.&lt;br /&gt;1560.&lt;br /&gt;Mem de Sá expelle os Francezes do forte--Coligny. Estes fogem para o continente, onde se tornão mais fortes com o auxilio dos Tamoios.--Visita o Governador a Capitania de S. Vicente, e deixa a sua prosperidade confiada aos PP. Manoel da Nobrega, e José Anchietta, ordenando ao mesmo tempo que se transferisse para S. Paulo o estabelecimento de Santo André.--Vê-se Mem de Sá obrigado a voltar a S. Salvador para reprimir os attaques dos Aymorés que incommodavão e assolavão as Capitanias dos Ilheos e Porto-Seguro: com effeito elle os derrota.&lt;br /&gt;1562.&lt;br /&gt;A Rainha entrega a Regencia ao Cardeal D. Henrique.&lt;br /&gt;1564.&lt;br /&gt;Os Tamoyos, senhores de todo o territorio entre Rio de Janeiro e S. Vicente, formão com outros Indios huma temivel liga contra os Portuguezes e dirigem-se ousadamente a attacar a nova povoação de S. Paulo. Porém os Jezuitas ajudados pelo celebre Indio Tebyriçá (depois do baptismo Martim Affonso) salvão-a e repellem os Indigenas.--Tambem a Capitania do Espirito Santo era muito incommodada pelos Indios; e já havia perecido Fernão de Sá filho do Governador, mandado por seu Pai a debellar os selvagens.--Continuando cada vez mais terrivel a guerra feita pelos Indios, os PP. Manoel da Nobrega e José Anchietta, depois de passarem milhares de perigos obtem a paz dos Tamoyos (foi por esta occasião que José Anchietta compoz em latim e reteve de memoria o celebre poema da Virgem).--Chega á Bahia Estacio de Sá, sobrinho do Governador, enviado pela Côrte a expulsar definitivamente os Francezes.&lt;br /&gt;Leia também: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1534-1548.html"&gt;Brasil 1534-1548&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6755772844251145521?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6755772844251145521/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6755772844251145521' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6755772844251145521'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6755772844251145521'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1549-1564.html' title='Brasil 1549-1564'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6193616636799970520</id><published>2009-03-23T05:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-02-03T13:31:17.973-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='directorios'/><title type='text'>Directorios amigos</title><content type='html'>Algunos directorios donde estoy afiliado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bloguzz.com/index/blogdetail/id/53070/historiaarte"&gt;&lt;img alt="Bloguzz" border="0" src="http://www.bloguzz.com/badge/minirank/id/f38f627f4cead2bce5f1e5971a63fc4153070" target="_blank" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.chollovuelos.com/" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="vuelos" src="http://www.chollovuelos.com/vuelos11.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.bitadir.com/" title="Directorio de Weblogs Gratuito!"&gt;&lt;img alt="directorio de weblogs. bitadir" border="0" src="http://www.bitadir.com/templates/img/banners/bitadir_94x15.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogdir.com/" title="Sumate a la comunidad!"&gt;&lt;img alt="imagen" border="0" src="http://www.blogdir.com/i/link/b_05.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://blog.com.pt/?trackid=19839" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="Estou no Blog.com.pt" border="0" src="http://img.blog.com.pt/estou.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mypagerank.net/"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://www.mypagerank.net/services/seostats/seostats.php?s=c14f0d42a0fd6d9b0480ec8f592c06165e570335a171f91b374a38df80f153e3c60a69e649800395de&amp;amp;bg=000000&amp;amp;textcolor=FFFFFF&amp;amp;bordercolor=FFFFCC&amp;amp;indicatorcolor=5EAA5E&amp;amp;ugo=1&amp;amp;uho=1&amp;amp;umo=1&amp;amp;amo=1&amp;amp;upr=1&amp;amp;tuv=1&amp;amp;tpv=1&amp;amp;yuv=1&amp;amp;ypv=1&amp;amp;ttuv=1&amp;amp;ttpv=1&amp;amp;uonline=1&amp;amp;f=134711" title="SEO Stats powered by MyPagerank.Net" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hk.onbloglist.com/index.php?id=" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="HISTORY, HISTORIA" border="0" src="http://hk.onbloglist.com/img4.php?id=" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogitalia.it/" target="_blank" title="BlogItalia.it - La directory italiana dei blog"&gt;&lt;img alt="BlogItalia.it - La directory italiana dei blog" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.blogitalia.it/images/bannerp.gif" width="120" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.keegy.com/statistics/" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.keegy.com/online_users_a.gif" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.keegy.com/"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogtoplist.com/arts/" title="Arts"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="Arts" border="0" src="http://www.blogtoplist.com/tracker.php?u=38374" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogcatalog.com/" title="Blog Directory, Find A Blog, Submit A Blog, Search For The Best Blogs"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BlogCatalog Blog Directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://technorati.com/faves?sub=addfavbtn&amp;amp;add=http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com"&gt;&lt;img alt="Add to Technorati Favorites" src="http://static.technorati.com/pix/fave/btn-fave2.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://bitacoras.com/bitacora/historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com" title="Blog indexado en Bitacoras.com"&gt;&lt;img alt="Bitacoras.com" border="0" src="http://bitacoras.com/images/badges/ficha.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogesfera.com/ping/11424" title="Directorio de Blogs Hispanos - Agrega tu Blog"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogesfera.com/ping/11424" target="_blank" title="Directorio de Blogs Hispanos - Agrega tu Blog"&gt;&lt;img alt="BlogESfera - Directorio de Blogs Hispanos" border="0" src="http://img258.imageshack.us/img258/4412/16906098wa4.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.desahucios.org/"&gt;ABOGADOS&lt;/a&gt; - Despacho de abogados Asejuris, S.L.,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mercaoficina.es/"&gt;Mobiliario de oficina&lt;/a&gt;: Empresa dedicada al suministro e instalación de Mobiliario de Oficina Nuevo y Segunda Mano con diferentes servicios que presta a sus clientes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6193616636799970520?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6193616636799970520/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6193616636799970520' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6193616636799970520'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6193616636799970520'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/directorios-amigos.html' title='Directorios amigos'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-5019013971099056573</id><published>2009-03-23T05:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:28:47.964-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Long Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Sweden'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Amsterdam'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Jamestown'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Delaware'/><title type='text'>New Netherland 1638, 1664</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1638.&lt;br /&gt;In 1638 Minuit, who had already figured as governor of New Netherland, having offered his services to Sweden, was intrusted with the leadership of the first Swedish colony to America. After a few days' stay at Jamestown the new-comers finally reached their wished-for destination on the west shore of the Delaware Bay and River. Proceeding up the latter, one of their first acts was to build a fort on a little stream about two miles from its junction with the Delaware, which they named Fort Christina, in honor of the young queen of Sweden. Near this spot stands the present city of Wilmington. The country from Cape Henlopen to the falls at Trenton received the title of New Sweden.&lt;br /&gt;1650.&lt;br /&gt;It was in this very year that Kieft came to supersede Van Twiller, who had given just cause for complaint by his eagerness to enrich himself at the expense of the West India Company. During the administration of Kieft occurred the long and doubtful conflict with the natives detailed in the succeeding chapter. Arbitrary and exacting, he drove the Indians to extremities, and involved the Dutch settlements in a war which for a time threatened their destruction. Not till 1645 was peace re-established, and in 1647 the unpopular governor was recalled. In 1647 not more than three hundred fighting men remained in the whole province.&lt;br /&gt;Its total population was between fifteen hundred and two thousand. In 1652 New Amsterdam had a population of seven or eight hundred. In 1664 Stuyvesant put the number in the province at ten thousand, about fifteen hundred of whom were in New Amsterdam.&lt;br /&gt;1655-1663.&lt;br /&gt;The next governor, Stuyvesant, was the last and much the ablest ruler among those who directed the destinies of New Netherland. His administration embraced a period of seventeen years, during which he renewed the former friendly relations with the savages, made a treaty with New England, giving up pretensions to Connecticut as well as relinquishing the east end of Long Island, and compelled the Swedes, in 1655, to acknowledge the Dutch supremacy. It was while he was absent on his expedition against the Swedes, leaving New Amsterdam unprotected, that the river Indians, watchful of their opportunity, invaded and laid waste the surrounding country. In 1663 the savages attacked the villaje on the Esopus, now Kingston, and almost destroyed it. It was not until the energetic governor made a vigorous campaign against the Esopus tribe, whom he completely subdued, that peace was established on a firm footing.&lt;br /&gt;1664.&lt;br /&gt;But the Dutch sway in their little part of the New World was about to end. The English had never given over their claim to the country by virtue of their first discovery of the North American continent. The New Netherlanders, tired of arbitrary rule, sighed for the larger freedom of their New England neighbors. Therefore, when in 1664 Charles II. Granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the territory which the Dutch were occupying, and sent a fleet to demand its submission, the English invader was welcomed.&lt;br /&gt;Almost the only resistance came from the stout-hearted governor, who could hardly be dissuaded from fighting the English single-handed, and who signed the agreement to surrender only when his magistrates had, in spite of him, agreed to the proposed terms. But the founders of the Empire State have left an indelible impress upon the Union, which their descendants have helped to strengthen and perpetuate. They were honest, thrifty, devout, tolerant of the opinions of others. As Holland sheltered the English Puritans from ecclesiastical intolerance, so New Netherland welcomed within her borders the victims of New England bigotry and narrowness.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1626-1633.html"&gt;NEW NETHERLAND 1626-1633&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-5019013971099056573?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/5019013971099056573/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=5019013971099056573' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5019013971099056573'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/5019013971099056573'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1638-1664.html' title='New Netherland 1638, 1664'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-3996734997005732792</id><published>2009-03-22T05:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:22:37.265-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AMERICA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Manhattan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>NEW NETHERLAND 1626-1633</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In 1626 Tienpont's successor, Peter Minuit, a German, born at Wesel, was appointed Director-General of New Netherland. He bought of the Indians, for the sum of twenty-four dollars, the entire island of Manhattan, and a fort called New Amsterdam was built. The State of New York dates its beginning from this transaction.&lt;br /&gt;By their usually honest dealing with the natives the Dutch settlers gained the friendship of the Five Nations, whose good-will was partly on this account transferred to the English colonists later. The Dutch were not only friendly to the red men, but tried to open social and commercial relations with the Plymouth colonists as well. Governor Bradford replied, mildly urging the Dutch to "clear their title" to a territory which the English claimed by right of discovery.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1630-1633.&lt;br /&gt;The present State of Delaware soon became the scene of attempts at settlement. De Vries began, in 1632, a colony on the banks of the Delaware, but it was quickly laid waste by the savages, who had been needlessly provoked by the insolence of the commander left in charge of the colony. In 1633 Minuit was succeeded by Van Twiller, and a fort was erected at Hartford, though the English claimed this country as theirs. Emigrants from the Plymouth colony began the settlement of Windsor, in spite of the protests of the Dutch. Long Island was invaded by enterprising New Englanders, regardless of the claim of New Netherland thereto.&lt;br /&gt;This "irrepressible conflict" between two races was by no means abated by the introduction of a third. As early as 1626, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden and the hero of the Thirty Years' War, had entertained the idea of establishing colonies in America, and in pursuance of that object had encouraged the formation of a company, not only for trading purposes but also to secure a refuge for the "oppressed of all Christendom." To Usselinx, an Antwerp merchant, the originator of the Dutch West India Company, belongs the honor of first suggesting to the king this enterprise. The glorious death of Gustavus on the victorious field of Lutzen in 1632 deferred the execution of a purpose which had not been forgotten even in the midst of that long and arduous campaign.&lt;br /&gt;But a few days before he fell, the Protestant hero had spoken of the colonial prospect as "the jewel of his kingdom."&lt;br /&gt;See also:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1614-1618.html"&gt;NEW NETHERLAND 1614-1618&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-3996734997005732792?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/3996734997005732792/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=3996734997005732792' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3996734997005732792'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/3996734997005732792'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1626-1633.html' title='NEW NETHERLAND 1626-1633'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6078885361628607058</id><published>2009-03-22T03:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:05:06.924-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='poverty'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='poor'/><title type='text'>Poverty 1536-1851</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Chronology of Poverty until 1851:&lt;br /&gt;1536: King François I of France bans begging throughout the whole of France.&lt;br /&gt;1596: The first workhouse for the poor is built in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.&lt;br /&gt;1601: British legislators pass the Poor Law Act, providing financial relief to children and the physically handicapped.&lt;br /&gt;The act would later be updated in 1795.&lt;br /&gt;1623: Philosopher William Petty, who would lay the basis for modern census-taking, is born in Hampshire, England, as the son of a clothier.&lt;br /&gt;1642: The newly settled Plymouth Colony creates the first poor law in the English-speaking New World.&lt;br /&gt;1651: Philosopher &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/01/thomas-hobbes.html"&gt;Thomas Hobbes&lt;/a&gt; publishes Leviathan, the book for which he is most known. In the book, Hobbes adopts a pessimistic view of the state of human nature, writing that life is nothing more tan “nasty, brutish, and short.”&lt;br /&gt;1750: One of the first almshouses, or ramshackle living spaces designed to house the extremely poor, is built in the United States.&lt;br /&gt;1789: Six thousand French women march on the palace of King Louis XVI in Versailles, demanding bread.&lt;br /&gt;1795: British legislators update the 1601 Poor Law Act, extending relief eligibility to the physically able.&lt;br /&gt;One of the first poverty lines is created in the English city of Speenhamland. When a worker’s wage fell below this line, which was based on both the price of bread and the number of dependents, or children, the worker is required to support, a worker would be eligible to receive relief.&lt;br /&gt;1818: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/03/karl-marx.html"&gt;Karl Marx&lt;/a&gt;, considered the father of communism, is born in Trier, Germany, to a wealthy Jewish family.&lt;br /&gt;1820: &lt;a href="http://cunday.blogspot.com/2009/03/friedrich-engels.html"&gt;Friedrich Engels&lt;/a&gt;, who would cowrite with Karl Marx six books on the subject of communism, is born in Wuppertal, Germany, to a successful textile industrialist.&lt;br /&gt;Sent to work at a cotton factory in Manchester, England, as a young man, Engels’s discovery of the working conditions inspires his social consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;1833: French author Frédéric Ozanam founds the Conference of Charity, later known as the St. Vincent de Paul Society.&lt;br /&gt;1848: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, which is summed up by its opening line: “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.”&lt;br /&gt;1851: The first American chapter of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), an organization devoted to providing relief to young people despite religious affiliation, is founded in the city of Boston.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/01/poverty-1534.html"&gt;Poverty 1534&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6078885361628607058?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6078885361628607058/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6078885361628607058' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6078885361628607058'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6078885361628607058'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/poverty-1536-1851.html' title='Poverty 1536-1851'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-7711207744536738322</id><published>2009-03-21T14:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:37:40.299-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='South River'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nova Scotia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hudson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Annapolis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='port royal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='North River'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Delaware'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Great River'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Acadia'/><title type='text'>NEW NETHERLAND 1614-1618</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hudson had sent to Holland a report of the Great River and the country bordering it, rich in fur-bearing animals, and it had excited eager interest. Private individuals sent expeditions thither and carried on a profitable trade with the natives. A few Dutch were here when, in 1613, Captain Argall sailed from Virginia against the French at Port Royal, Acadia, now Annapolis in Nova Scotia, who were encroaching upon the English possessions on the coast of Maine. He compelled them to surrender. On his return, he visited the Dutch traders of Manhattan Island, and forced them also, as it had been discovered by Cabot in 1497, to acknowledge the sovereignty of England over this entire region.&lt;br /&gt;It was in 1614 that the Dutch States-General, in the charter given to a company of merchants, named the Hudson Valley New Netherland. To facilitate trade this company made a treaty with the Five Nations and subordinate tribes, memorable as the first compact formed between the whites and the savages. In it the Indians were regarded as possessing equal rights and privileges with their white brethren. The treaty was renewed in 1645, and continued in force till the English occupation, 1664. In 1618, the charter of the New Netherland Company having expired, the Dutch West India Company was offered a limited incorporation, but it was not until 1621 that it received its charter, and it was two years later that it was completely organized and approved by the States-General. By this company were sent out Mey, as Director, to the Delaware or South River, and Tienpont to the Hudson or North River. Four miles below Philadelphia Fort Nassau was erected, and where Albany now stands was begun the trading-post called Fort Orange.&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1609.html"&gt;NEW NETHERLAND 1609&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-7711207744536738322?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/7711207744536738322/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=7711207744536738322' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7711207744536738322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/7711207744536738322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1614-1618.html' title='NEW NETHERLAND 1614-1618'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-1944449996772522409</id><published>2009-03-21T14:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:15:06.624-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New Netherland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>NEW NETHERLAND 1609</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;While the French explorer, Champlain, was sailing along the shores of the lake which bears his name, another equally adventurous spirit, Henry Hudson, was on his way to the western world. Hoping to open a passage to India by a voyage to the north, Hudson, an English navigator, offered in 1609 to sail under the authority of the Dutch East India Company. Driven back by ice and fog from a northeast course, he turned northwest.&lt;br /&gt;Searching up and down near the parallel of 40 degrees, he entered the mouth of the great river which perpetuates his name. He found the country inviting to the eye, and occupied by natives friendly in disposition. The subsequent career of this bold mariner has a mournful interest. He never returned to Holland, but, touching at Dartmouth, was restrained by the English authorities, and forbidden longer to employ his skill and experience for the benefit of the Dutch. Again entering the English service and sent once more to discover the northwest passage, he sailed into the waters of the bay which still bears his name, where cold and hunger transformed the silent discontent of his crew into open mutiny, and they left the fearless navigator to perish amid the icebergs of the frozen north.&lt;br /&gt;See also:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1608.html"&gt;1608&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-1944449996772522409?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/1944449996772522409/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=1944449996772522409' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1944449996772522409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/1944449996772522409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/new-netherland-1609.html' title='NEW NETHERLAND 1609'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-6616393742776601991</id><published>2009-03-20T14:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:30:32.330-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maryland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='England'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Baltimore'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='puritans'/><title type='text'>1639-1656</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;For a time the colony was without laws except the common law of England.But Baltimore was too wise and conciliatory to allow such a state of affairs to continue. He gave authority to the governor to assent to the acts of the assembly, which he himself might or might not confirm.&lt;br /&gt;Accordingly in 1639 the assembly met and passed various acts, mostly relating to civil affairs. One, however, was specially noteworthy, as giving to the "Holy Church" "her rights and liberties," meaning by this the Church of Rome, for, as Gardiner says, the title was never applied to the Church of England. It was at the same time expressly enacted that all the Christian inhabitants should be in the enjoyment of every right and privilege as free as the natural-born subjects of England. If Roger Williams was the first to proclaim absolute religious liberty, Lord Baltimore was hardly behind him in putting this into practice. As has been neatly said, "The Ark and the Dove were names of happy omen: the one saved from the general wreck the germs of political liberty, and the other bore the olive-branch of religious peace."&lt;br /&gt;1646.&lt;br /&gt;During the civil war in England the affairs of Maryland were in a very disturbed condition. Clayborne, Maryland's evil genius, seized the opportunity to foment an insurrection, possessed himself once more of Kent Island, and compelled the governor to flee to Virginia. Returning in 1646, Calvert was fortunate enough to recover the reins of government, but the following year witnessed the close of his administration and his short though useful and eventful life. Few men intrusted with almost absolute authority have exercised it with so much firmness and at the same time with so much ability, discretion, and uprightness.&lt;br /&gt;1650.&lt;br /&gt;His successor, Greene, a Catholic, was not likely to find favor with the Puritan Parliament of England, and Baltimore, in 1648, to conciliate the ruling powers and to refute the charge that Maryland was only a retreat for Romanists, removed the governor and appointed instead one who was a Protestant and a firm supporter of Parliament. The council was also changed so as to place the Catholics in the minority. The oath of the new governor restrained him from molesting any person, especially if of the Roman Catholic persuasion, on account of religious profession. The way was thus opened for the Act of Toleration passed in 1649. &lt;br /&gt;This law, after specifying certain speeches against the Trinity, the Virgin, or the saints as punishable offences, declared that equal privileges should be enjoyed by Christians of all creeds. Whatever the motives of Baltimore, his policy was certainly wise and commendable.&lt;br /&gt;A new and troublesome element was now introduced into the colony. Some Puritans who had not been tolerated among the stanch Church-of-England inhabitants of Virginia were invited by Governor Stone to Maryland. Their home here, which they named Providence, is now known as Annapolis.The new-comers objected to the oath of fidelity, refused to send burgesses to the assembly, and were ready to overthrow the government whose protection they were enjoying. Opportunity soon offered. Parliament had already in 1652 brought Virginia to submission. Maryland was now accused of disloyalty, and when we notice among the commissioners appointed by the Council of State, the name of Clayborne, it is not difficult to understand who was the author of this charge. The governor was removed, but being popular and not averse to compromise, was quickly restored. Then came the accession of Cromwell to power as Protector of England. Parliament was dissolved. The authority of its commissioners of course ceased. Baltimore seized this opportunity to regain his position as proprietary. He bade Stone to require the oath of fidelity to the proprietary from those who occupied lands, and to issue all writs in his name. He maintained that the province now stood in the same relations to the Protectorate which it had borne to the royalist government of Charles I.&lt;br /&gt;So thought Cromwell, but not so Clayborne or the Maryland Puritans. They deposed Stone, and put in power Fuller, who was in sympathy with their designs. There resulted a reversal of the acts of former assemblies, and legislation hostile to the Catholics. The new assembly, from which Catholics were carefully excluded by disfranchisement, at once repealed the Act of Toleration. Protection was withdrawn from those who professed the popish religion, and they were forbidden the exercise of that faith in the province. Severe penalties were threatened against "prelacy" and "licentiousness" thus restricting the benefits of their "Act concerning Religion" to the Puritan element now in power. The authority of the proprietary himself was disputed, and colonists were invited to take lands without his knowledge or consent.&lt;br /&gt;1656.&lt;br /&gt;Baltimore adopted vigorous measures. By his orders Stone made a forcible attempt to regain control of the province, but was defeated at Providence and taken prisoner. His life was spared, but four of his men were condemned and executed. Baltimore again invoked the powerful intervention of Cromwell, and again were the enemies of Maryland sternly rebuked for their interference in the affairs of that province, and told in plain language to leave matters as they had found them. In 1656, after an inquiry by the Commissioners of Trade, the claims of Baltimore were admitted to be just, and he promptly sent his brother Philip to be a member of the council and secretary of the province. The legislation of the usurping Puritans was set aside, religious toleration once more had full sway, and a general pardon was proclaimed to those who had taken part in the late disturbances.In the meantime, Fendall, who had been appointed governor by Baltimore, plotted to make himself independent of his master, and, with the connivance of the assembly, proceeded to usurp the authority which was lawfully vested in the proprietary. But the attempt was a miserable failure. Philip Calvert was immediately made governor by the now all-powerful proprietary, who had the favor and support of Charles II., just coming to the throne. Peace and prosperity came back to the colony so sorely and frequently vexed by civil dissensions. The laws were just and liberal, encouraging the advent of settlers of whatever creed, while the rule of the Calverts was wise and benign, such as to merit the respect and admiration of posterity. In 1643 Virginia and Maryland together had less than twenty thousand inhabitants. In 1660 Maryland alone, according to Fuller, had eight thousand. Chalmers thinks there were no fewer than twelve thousand at this date.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1634-1638.html"&gt;1634-1638&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-6616393742776601991?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/6616393742776601991/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=6616393742776601991' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6616393742776601991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/6616393742776601991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1639-1656.html' title='1639-1656'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4205620429676776839</id><published>2009-03-20T13:53:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:25:28.892-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kent Island'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chesapeake Bay'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maryland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Baltimore'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Potomac'/><title type='text'>1634-1638</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This charter, as will be readily seen, could not please the Virginians, since the entire territory conveyed by it was part of the grant of 1609 to the London Company for Virginia. But as this and subsequent charters had been annulled in 1624, the new colony was held by the Privy Council to have the law on its side, and Lord Baltimore was left to make his preparations undisturbed. He fitted out two vessels, the Ark and the Dove, and sent them on their voyage of colonization. They went by the way of the West Indies, arriving off Point Comfort in 1634. Sailing up the Potomac, they landed on the island of St. Clement's, and took formal possession of their new home. Calvert explored a river, now called the St. Mary's, a tributary of the Potomac, and being pleased with the spot began a settlement. He gained the friendship of the natives by purchasing the land and by treating them justly and humanely.&lt;br /&gt;The proprietary was a Catholic, yet, whether or not by an agreement between him and the king, as Gardiner supposes, did not use either his influence or his authority to distress adherents of the Church of England. The two creeds stood practically upon an equality. But if religious troubles were avoided, difficulties of another sort were not slow in arising. About the year 1631, Clayborne, who had been secretary of the Virginia colony, had chosen Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay as a station for trading with the Indians. This post was in the very midst of Maryland, and Calvert notified Clayborne that he should consider it a part of that province. Clayborne at once showed himself a bitter enemy.&lt;br /&gt;The Indians became suspicious and unfriendly, Clayborne, so it was believed, being the instigator of this temper. An armed vessel was sent out, with orders from Clayborne to seize ships of the St. Mary's settlement. A fight took place, Clayborne fleeing to Virginia. Calvert demanded that he should be given up. This was refused, and in 1637 he went to England. A committee of the Privy Council decided that Kent Island belonged to Maryland.&lt;br /&gt;1638.In 1635 the first Maryland assembly met, consisting of the freemen of the colony and the governor, Leonard Calvert, the proprietary's brother, who was presiding officer. Lord Baltimore repudiated its acts, on the ground that they were not proposed by him, as the charter directed. The assembly which gathered in 1638 retaliated, rejecting the laws brought forward by the proprietary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/maryland-1630.html"&gt;Maryland 1630&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4205620429676776839?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4205620429676776839/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4205620429676776839' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4205620429676776839'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4205620429676776839'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1634-1638.html' title='1634-1638'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-4796121444420807360</id><published>2009-03-18T16:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T04:23:43.494-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virginia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pennsylvania'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Newfoundland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maryland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Baltimore'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Delaware'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Potomac'/><title type='text'>Maryland 1630</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1630.&lt;br /&gt;The very year that witnessed the landing of the Pilgrims records the beginning of another attempt to colonize the New World. While Secretary of State, having been appointed in 1619, Sir George Calvert, a member of the Virginia Company from 1609 until its dissolution in 1624, determinedto plant a colony for himself. In the memorable year 1620 he bought of Lord Vaughan the patent to the south-eastern peninsula of Newfoundland, the next he sent colonists thither with a generous supply of money for their support. In 1623 King James gave him a patent, making him proprietary of this region. In 1625 Calvert boldly declared himself a Catholic, and resigned his office of Secretary. Spite of this he was soon afterwards ennobled, and his new title of Lord Baltimore is the name by which he is best known. Visiting his little settlement in 1627 he quickly came to the conclusion that the severity of the climate would make its failure certain. He therefore gave up this enterprise, but determined to repeat the attempt on the more favorable soil of Virginia.Confident of the goodwill of Charles I., to whom he had written for a grant of land there, he did not await a reply, but sailed for Virginia, where he arrived in 1629. In 1632 the king issued a patent granting to Baltimore and his heirs a territory north and east of the Potomac, comprising what we now call Maryland, all Delaware, and a part of Pennsylvania. The name Maryland was given it by the king in, honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria. But before this charter had received royal signature Lord Baltimore had breathed his last,  and his son Cecil succeeded to his honors and possessions.&lt;br /&gt;The Maryland charter made the proprietary the absolute lord of the soil.He was merely to acknowledge fealty by the delivery of two Indian arrows yearly to the king at Windsor. He could make laws with the consent of the citizens, declare war or peace, appoint officers of government; in fact, in most respects he had regal power. The colonists were, however, to remain English subjects, with all the privileges of such. If they were not represented in Parliament, neither were they taxed by the Crown. If the proprietary made laws for them, these must not be contrary to the laws of England. And they were to enjoy freedom of trade, not only with England but with foreign countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/1626-1630.html"&gt;1626-1630&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-4796121444420807360?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/4796121444420807360/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=4796121444420807360' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4796121444420807360'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/4796121444420807360'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/maryland-1630.html' title='Maryland 1630'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-2397694413362564969</id><published>2009-03-17T16:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:57:50.406-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='guerra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paz'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='factos'/><title type='text'>Brasil 1534-1548</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1534.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero Lopes de Sousa, irmão de Martim Affonso, tendo obtido a Capitania de S. Amaro encravada na de S. Vicente, consegue fundar huma pequena colonia, não sem bastante resistencia dos Indigenas.--A Pero de Goes coube a Capitania da Parahyba do Sul; e tendo della tomado posse neste anno, vê-se obrigado a abandonal-a dentro em pouco tempo.--A Vasco Fernandes Coutinho coube a Capitania do Espirito Santo: consegue estabelecer-se nas immediações do lugar onde desembarcou Cabral, e aldêar os Indios Tupininquins ahi existentes.--A Jorge de Figueiredo Corrêa foi dada a Capitania dos Ilhéos; e a Pero do Campo Toyrinho a de Porto-Seguro. Ambas estas Capitanias florecerão dentro em pouco tempo, chegando até a de Porto-Seguro a exportar grande quantidade de assucar.&lt;br /&gt;1535.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tendo sido dada a Duarte Coelho Pereira a Capitania de Pernambuco, chega elle ao seu destino, trazendo em sua companhia grande numero de familias: e depois de expellir os temiveis Cahetés, lança os fundamentos da cidade de Olinda. Na expulsão dos Cahetés muito o auxiliárão os Indios Tabyra, Hagybe (braço de ferro), e Piragyhe (braço de peixe).--Ao celebre historiador João de Barros fôra dada a Capitania do Maranhão. Porém não lhe sendo possivel tratar immediatamente de povoar e colonisar a Capitania, cedeo-a em favor de Luiz de Mello, ao qual succede a desgraça de naufragar nos baixios do Maranhão.--A Francisco Pereira Coutinho coube a Capitania da Bahia de Todos os Santos; e chega a seu destino neste anno. (Afóra as 9 capitanias que temos mencionado, devemos ás minuciosissimas investigações do Sr. Varnaghen o conhecimento de mais 3, cujos Donatarios foram Ayres da Cunha, Fernão Alvares de Almada, e Antonio Cardoso de Barros, perfazendo assim o numero de 12, em que diz Barros fôra dividido o Brasil).&lt;br /&gt;1535--1548.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tendo sido mal succedido Luiz de Mello na Capitania do Maranhão, é João de Barros reintegrado nos seus direitos a essa Capitania. Faz elle uma sociedade com Fernão Alvares de Andrade, e Ayres da Cunha para a colonisação da Capitania. Sahe com effeito huma expedição ao mando de Ayres da Cunha; porém teve nos mesmos baixios do Maranhão o mesmo desastroso fim de Luiz de Mello (1536).--Tambem na sua Capitania he infeliz Francisco Pereira Coutinho, mas por culpa sua. E com effeito, em lugar de tratar brandamente os Indios e de procurar sua amizade e alliança, fez-lhes guerra de exterminio, chegando até a apossar-se dolosamente de Diogo Alvares Corrêa o Caramurú. A famosa Paraguassú, esposa de Caramurú, excita os Tupinambás á vingança, e obriga Coutinho a fugir. Feita porém a paz, voltava este á Bahia, quando huma furiosa tempestade o fez naufragar em Itaparíca (1548). Os que escaparão do naufragio morrerão ás mãos dos Indigenas; entre elles o proprio Coutinho: só forão poupados Caramurú, e sua comitiva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leia também: &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1526-1532.html"&gt;Brasil 1526, 1532&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-2397694413362564969?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/2397694413362564969/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=2397694413362564969' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2397694413362564969'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/2397694413362564969'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1534-1548.html' title='Brasil 1534-1548'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6438340095984974096.post-83151778986740295</id><published>2009-03-17T16:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:56:52.007-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rio de Janeiro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brasil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='factos'/><title type='text'>Brasil 1526, 1532</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1526.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para obstar a qualquer tentativa dos estrangeiros no Brasil parte huma esquadra ao mando de Christovão Jacques. Com effeito, chegando este á Bahia de Todos os Santos encontra e mette a pique dous navios Francezes que poucos dias antes ahi havião entrado. Parte depois para o Norte, e funda nas costas de Pernambuco a primeira feitoria Portugueza, denominada Itamaracá.&lt;br /&gt;1530.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tendo-se os Francezes estabelecido na feitoria de Itamaracá, por elles occupada, envia El-Rei Duarte Coelho Pereira que os expulsa, e transfere a feitoria para Iguaraçú, poucas milhas distante da primeira.--Tendo-se tambem sabido que os Hespanhóes se achavão estabelecidos no Rio da Prata, e temendo El-Rei que elles se quizessem estender pelas terras do Brasil envia uma armada ás ordens de Martim Affonso de Sousa (3 de Dezembro).&lt;br /&gt;1531.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El-Rei divide o Brasil em Capitanias hereditarias; as quaes distribue por pessoas benemeritas por seus serviços com a obrigação de povoal-as afim de obstar ás invasões estrangeiras, e aos ataques dos Indigenas.--Martim Affonso de Sousa, primeiro Donatario, chega a Pernambuco e dirige-se para o sul: entra na Bahia de Nicterohy ou Rio de Janeiro a 30 de Abril (posto que alguns Escriptores dizem ter sido ao 1.º de Janeiro de 1532, e outros ao 1.º de Janeiro de 1531. Nós porém seguimos neste ponto o Diario da Navegação de Pero Lopes, onde se pode ver a observação que faz Varnaghen a esta questão): corre ao S., e chega até o Rio da Prata. Não encontrando pela costa estabelecimento algum Hespanhol ou estrangeiro, faz-se de volta á sua Capitania.&lt;br /&gt;1532.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entra Martim Affonso na Bahia de S. Vicente na Capitania do mesmo nome (22 de Janeiro), e ahi funda elle a primeira povoação de alguma importancia no Brasil, que denomina S. Vicente. (Outros escriptores dizem ter Martim Affonso entrado no porto de Santos e depois disto fundado ao S. desta Bahia a colonia de S. Vicente. Porém abandonando esta opinião por menos bem fundada, seguimos inteiramente a relação de Pero Lopes, já tantas vezes citada). Brilhante foi a sua administração. Por meio de João Ramalho conseguio a alliança do celebre Indio Tebyriçá; e em paz com os Indigenas, só cuidou na prosperidade da colonia, introduzio as criações muares, a canna de assucar, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leia também:&lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/02/brasil-1510-1521.html"&gt;Brasil 1510-1521&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;  &lt;a href="http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/"&gt;History, historia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6438340095984974096-83151778986740295?l=historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/feeds/83151778986740295/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6438340095984974096&amp;postID=83151778986740295' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/83151778986740295'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6438340095984974096/posts/default/83151778986740295'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://historyofarthistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/2009/03/brasil-1526-1532.html' title='Brasil 1526, 1532'/><author><name>Historiador</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
